• Partial cystectomy is the removal of part of the bladder. 膀胱部分切除术是取消的部分膀胱。 It is used to treat cancer that has invaded the bladder wall in just one area.它被用来治疗癌症已侵入膀胱壁在短短的一个领域。 Partial cystectomy is only a good choice if the cancer is not near the openings where urine enters or leaves the bladder.膀胱部分切除术是一种很好的选择，如果不是癌症附近的开口在尿液进入或离开膀胱。
• Radical cystectomy is the removal of the entire bladder, nearby lymph nodes (lymphadenectomy), part of the urethra, and nearby organs that may contain cancer cells. 根治切除是消除整个膀胱，附近淋巴结（淋巴结清扫术） ，部分尿道，和附近的器官可能含有癌细胞。
  • In men在男子 , the prostate, the seminal vesicles, and part of the vas deferens are also removed. ，前列腺的精囊，并部分输精管也删除。
  • In women在女子 , the cervix, the uterus, the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, and part of the vagina are also removed. ，子宫颈癌，子宫，卵巢，输卵管及部分阴道也删除。

Preoperative testing may include CT scan of the pelvis, abdomen, and chest, as well as a barium enema or colonoscopy.术前测试可能包括CT扫描的骨盆，腹部和胸部，以及钡灌肠或结肠镜检查。 Sometimes the doctor will also recommend a cardiac stress test before surgery.有时医生也会建议应力测试心脏手术前。

Regional lymph nodes may be removed (lymphadenectomy) during cystectomy.区域淋巴结可能会被删除（淋巴结清扫术）在膀胱。 Removing lymph nodes helps your doctor determine whether cancer is present in the lymph nodes and provides more accurate information about the stage of the cancer.去除淋巴结可以帮助你的医生确定是否是癌症中存在的淋巴结，并提供更准确的了解阶段的癌症。

What To Expect After Surgery什么期望手术后

Cystectomy usually requires a hospital stay of at least 3 to 7 days.膀胱通常需要住院至少3至7天。 You can expect some discomfort during the first few days after surgery.您可以期望在一些不适的头几天手术后。 This discomfort is usually controllable with home treatment and medication.这种不适通常是可控的家庭治疗和药物治疗。 Complete recovery usually takes 6 to 8 weeks.完全恢复通常需要6到8周。

Following surgery to remove the bladder, your surgeon will create a new channel for urine to pass from your body. ¹经过手术切除膀胱，您的医生将创建一个新的渠道，通过尿液从你的身体。 ^一日

• An ileal conduit (also called a noncontinent diversion) uses a segment of your intestine to create a channel that connects your ureters to a surgically created opening (stoma) on your abdomen.一个回肠管道 （也称为noncontinent转）使用一个部分的小肠，以创建一个通道，连接您的输尿管的手术创造开幕式（口）在您的腹部。 This procedure is called a urostomy.这个程序被称为urostomy 。 After a urostomy, the urine passes from the ureters through the conduit and out the opening into a plastic bag that is attached to your skin.经过urostomy ，通过尿液从输尿管通过管道进出开放进入一个塑料袋是重视你的皮肤。 You will empty the bag 3 or 4 times a day, and a larger bag that allows for longer storage can be worn overnight.您将空袋子3或4次，每天和一个较大的袋子，可以长期储存可穿的。 You will also learn how to care for your urostomy.你也将学会如何照顾好你的urostomy 。
• A continent reservoir (continent diversion) uses a segment of your intestine to create a storage pouch that is attached inside your abdomen. 大陆水库（大陆转）使用一个部分的小肠创造一个存储袋是重视在您的腹部。 There are two types of internal continent reservoirs.有两种类型的内部大陆的水库。
  • Abdominal diversion reservoir.腹部水库引水。 The pouch inside the abdomen connects to an opening (stoma) in the skin (urostomy).邮袋内的腹部连接到开幕式（口）皮肤（ urostomy ） 。 This opening is smaller than the opening for an ileal conduit.这种开放小于开放的回肠管道。 And because there is a pouch inside the abdomen, no bag needs to be worn outside your body.因为有一个邮包内的腹部，没有袋需要穿过你的身体之外。 You will need to pass a catheter through the opening to release the urine several times a day and during the night.您将需要通过一个导管通过开放释放几次尿，每天在夜间。
  • Orthotopic diversion.原位转移。 The pouch in this procedure is sometimes called a bladder substitution reservoir.邮袋此过程中有时被称为膀胱替代水库。 If your urethra was not removed as part of the cystectomy, you may be able to have this type of procedure.如果您的尿道是不会被删除的一部分，膀胱，您可以有这种类型的程序。 In an orthotopic diversion, the pouch is attached to your ureters at one end and your urethra at the other.在原位转移，邮袋是附加到您的输尿管在另一端和你的尿道在其他。 This allows you to pass urine through the same opening as you did before surgery.这样，您就可以通过尿液通过同样的开放你没有手术前。 Some people may need to use a catheter to release the urine.有些人可能需要使用导管放尿。

Additional treatment may be needed following a radical cystectomy and may include radiation therapy or chemotherapy.附加治疗可能需要激进的后膀胱，可能包括放射治疗或化疗。 Biological therapy may be used after a partial cystectomy for early-stage tumors.生物疗法可用于后膀胱部分切除术早期肿瘤。

Follow-up for a partial cystectomy includes cystoscopy and urinary exams every 3 to 6 months for at least 2 years, with regular ultrasound, intravenous pyelogram (IVP), or CT scans of the pelvis and abdomen.随访部分切除包括膀胱和泌尿考试每3至6个月至少2年，并定期超声，静脉肾盂造影（造影） ，或CT扫描的骨盆和腹部。

Why It Is Done为什么它是这样做

Cystectomy is used to remove and attempt to cure cancer that has invaded the wall of the bladder or has come back (recurred) following initial treatment or has a high chance of spreading.膀胱是用来删除，并尝试治疗癌症已侵入的墙壁或膀胱回来（复发）以下初步的待遇或具有较高的推广机会。

How Well It Works以及它如何运作

About 75% of people who have a cystectomy for bladder cancer in the muscle of the bladder are disease-free after 5 years.大约75 ％的人民有一个谁膀胱膀胱癌的肌肉膀胱是无病后5年。 People with more deeply invasive bladder cancer have a 5-year survival rate of 30% to 50% after cystectomy. ²人们更加深刻地浸润性膀胱癌的5年生存率在30 ％至50 ％后，膀胱。 ^第2

Risks风险

Complications are common after a radical cystectomy and may include: ^{1, 3}常见并发症后，激进的膀胱可能包括： ^{1 ，第3}

• Acidosis.酸中毒。 This in an imbalance in electrolytes such as calcium and potassium.这在一个不平衡的电解质，如钙和钾。 It can be caused by using a part of the intestine to divert urine after a cystectomy.它可造成利用部分小肠转移尿后膀胱。 People with acidosis often need to take medicine to control it.中毒的人常常需要吃药来控制它。
• Urine leak.尿漏。
• Infection.感染。
• Fistula formation.肛瘘的形成。
• Bowel obstruction.肠梗阻。
• Rectal injury.直肠损伤。

Cystectomy can also lead to erection problems if nerves are damaged during surgery. ⁴ For more information, see the topic Erection Problems.膀胱也可能导致勃起问题，如果神经外科手术期间损坏。 ⁴更多信息，请参阅专题架设问题。

What To Think About什么思考

You may donate your own blood (autologous blood donation) to use during surgery if needed.您可能会捐出自己的血（自体献血）使用过程中如果需要手术治疗。 If you choose to do this, start the donations several weeks before the surgery so that you have time to donate enough blood and rebuild your blood volume before surgery.如果您选择要做到这一点，开始捐献前几个星期的手术，使你有时间捐献出足够的血液和重建你的血液量手术前。

In the past, cystectomy done on men usually removed the nerves that control erections.在过去，膀胱所做的男子通常移除的神经，控制勃起。 Now nerve-sparing procedures may be used to avoid damaging the nerves that run alongside the prostate.现在神经保留的程序可以用来避免损害神经一起运行前列腺。

Historically, a woman's vagina was removed along with the bladder in a radical cystectomy, making sexual intercourse impossible.从历史上看，妇女的阴道被删除一起在膀胱根治切除术，使性交是不可能的。 Surgeons now are able in many cases to spare or repair the vagina.现在外科医生能够在许多情况下，备件或修理的阴道。

If the bladder is removed, the surgeon will create another way to collect urine.如果膀胱被删除，外科医生将创造另一种方式来收集尿液。 You may have a pouch inside your body (continent reservoir or continent diversion) or wear a bag outside your body (ileal conduit or noncontinent diversion).您可能有一个邮袋内你的身体（大陆或大陆水库引水）或磨损一个袋子外面你的身体（回肠或noncontinent管道引水） 。

Complete the surgery information form (PDF) 完成手术资料表（ PDF格式） (What is a PDF document?) to help you prepare for this surgery. （什么是PDF文件？ ） ，以帮助您准备这次手术。

Citations引文

1. Shipley WU, et al.吴希普利等。 (2005). （ 2005年） 。 Cancer of the bladder, ureter, and renal pelvis.癌症膀胱，输尿管，肾盂和。 In VT DeVita Jr et al., eds., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology , 7th ed., pp.在佛蒙特州DeVita小等。合编。 癌症：原理与实践的肿瘤 ，第七版。页。 1168–1185. 1168年至1185年。 Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.费城76人：利平科特威廉姆斯和威尔金斯。

2. National Cancer Institute (2006).国立癌症研究所（ 2006年） 。 Bladder Cancer PDQ: Treatment-Health Professional Version.膀胱癌人格诊断问卷：治疗保健专业版。 Available online: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/bladder/healthprofessional.在线： http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/bladder/healthprofessional 。

3. Jiminez VK, Marshall FF (2002). Jiminez唯，马绍尔群岛法郎（ 2002年） 。 Surgery of bladder cancer.手术治疗膀胱癌。 In PC Walsh et al., eds., Campbell's Urology , 8th ed., vol.在PC沃尔什等人。合编。 坎贝尔的泌尿科 ，第8版。 ，第二卷。 4, chap. 4 ，第二章。 79, pp. 79页。 2819–2844. 2819年至2844年。 Philadelphia: WB Saunders.费城76人：世行桑德斯。

4. Small EJ, Grossfeld GD (2003).小伯克利分校，格罗斯菲尔德广东（ 2003年） 。 Bladder.膀胱。 In M Dollinger et al., eds., Everyone's Guide to Cancer Therapy , 4th ed., pp.在M多林格等人。合编。 ， 每个人的指南癌症治疗 ，第4版。页。 401–411. 401-411 。 Kansas City: Andrews McMeel.堪萨斯城：安德鲁斯McMeel 。