First Aid - Head Injury急救-颅脑损伤

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Wednesday, 06 February 2008星期三， 08年2月6日

Please call 911 immediately if you are having chest pain, difficulty breathing, severe bleeding, sudden weakness or numbness, or if you think you have a medical emergency.请立即拨打911 ，如果您有胸部疼痛，呼吸困难，严重出血，突发性的缺陷或麻木，或如果你认为你有一个医疗的紧急情况。

Head Injury Treatment颅脑损伤治疗

Self-Care at Home自我照顾家

Emergency medical personnel should immediately treat any serious or potentially serious head injury.急诊医务人员应立即对待任何严重的或潜在的严重颅脑损伤。

Minor head injuries may be cared for at home.未成年人头部受伤可能会照顾家庭。

Bleeding under the scalp, but outside the skull, creates "goose eggs" or large bruises at the site of a head injury.根据出血的头皮，但以外的头骨，创造了“鹅蛋”或大型青肿在现场的头部受伤。 They are common and will go away on their own with time.他们共同将走自己的时间。 Using ice immediately after the trauma may help decrease their size.用后立即冰的创伤可能有助于降低其规模。
- Do not apply ice directly to the skin.不适用冰直接向皮肤。 Ice should be applied for 20-30 minutes at a time and can be repeated about every 2-4 hours as needed.冰应适用于20-30分钟的时间和可以重复大约每2-4小时需要。 There is little benefit after 24 hours.很少有利于24小时后。
- Use a light washcloth as a barrier and wrap the ice in it.使用轻面巾作为一个屏障和总结的冰中。 You can also use a bag of frozen vegetables wrapped in cloth.您还可以使用一包冷冻蔬菜裹在布。 This conforms nicely to the shape of the head.这符合很好的形状的头部。
- Make your own ice pack by adding 1/3 cup of 70% isopropyl alcohol (the green-colored kind is best to help identify it later) to 2/3 cup of water in a zip-lock-style bag (double bag it to prevent leaking).制作您自己的冰袋增加1 / 3杯70 ％的异丙醇（绿颜色种类最好是帮助确定以后），以2 / 3一杯水在拉链锁式袋（双包它防止漏水）。 The mixture turns into "slush."混合物变成“秘密” 。 Freeze this homemade ice pack for use when needed.冻结本自制的冰袋，用于在需要时。 Caution: If you have small children in your home, watch them carefully when using the ice pack.注意：如果您有年幼子女在您的家中，仔细看时，他们用冰袋。 Drinking the mixture can be poisonous.饮用水的混合物可有毒的。
- Commercially available ice packs use chemicals to create cold.商用冰袋使用的化学品制造冷。 They are designed to be kept in a first-aid kit and need not be kept frozen.它们的目的是为了保持在一个急救包，不需要保持冻结。 These can be applied directly to the skin, although a barrier can also be used if bleeding is present.这些可以直接适用于皮肤，虽然一个障碍也可用于如果出血本。 They must be disposed of after a single use but can be handy in case of emergencies.他们必须加以处置后，一个单一的使用，但可以方便在紧急情况下。
When a minor head injury results from a fall onto carpet or other soft surface and the height of the fall is less than the height of the person who fell and there is no loss of consciousness (in other words, the person was not "knocked out"), a doctor's visit is not usually needed.当一个人头部受伤的结果下降到地毯或其他软表面和高度的下降不到的高度下降的人谁也没有意识丧失（换句话说，此人并非“淘汰“ ），一名医生的访问是不是通常需要。 Apply ice to lessen swelling.适用于冰淇淋，以减轻肿胀。

Medical Treatment医疗

Treatment varies widely depending on the type and severity of injuries.待遇差别很大不同的类型和严重程度受伤。

Minor head injuries are often treated at home as long as someone is available to watch the person.未成年人头部受伤治疗往往是在家里，只要有人提供观看的人。
- Bed rest, fluids, and a mild pain reliever such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, for example) may be prescribed.卧床休息，液体，和轻度止痛药，如对乙酰氨基酚（泰诺，例如）可予订明。 Ice may be applied to the scalp for pain relief and to decrease swelling.冰可用于头皮的疼痛缓解和减少肿胀。
- Cuts will be numbed with a medication usually given by injection.裁员将在麻木与通常的药物注射。 They will then be cleansed.然后，他们将清洗。 The doctor will then look for foreign matter and hidden injuries.医生然后将寻求外国的问题和隐藏的伤害。 The wound usually is closed with skin staples, stitches (sutures), or a special skin glue.伤口通常是封闭皮肤主食，缝（缝），或一个特殊的皮肤胶水。 A tetanus shot will be given if it has been more than five to 10 years since your last booster.阿破伤风开枪将给予是否已超过5至10年内自您上次助推器。
People with serious closed head injuries are almost always admitted to the hospital for observation and repeated studies to assure that the condition does not worsen.人民的严重闭合性颅脑损伤几乎总是住院观察和反复研究，以确保条件不恶化。
- Occasionally a head injury may cause elevated pressure within the skull.有时头部受伤可能会导致压力升高的头骨。 An intracranial pressure (ICP) monitor probe may be surgically inserted into the brain through the skull to measure the pressure.一种颅内压（ ICP ）监测探头可插入手术的大脑通过头骨来衡量的压力。 If the pressure rises too high, it may be necessary to do surgery to decompress the brain.如果上升的压力过高，可能有必要做外科手术来解大脑。 Death is possible.死亡是可能的。
- Medication to prevent seizures may be given to prevent or treat seizures that occur from the head injury.药物治疗，以防止发作可考虑预防或治疗癫痫发生的脑损伤。 Seizures after head injury often do not require treatment because they may not reoccur.癫痫发作后颅脑损伤往往不需要治疗，因为他们可能不会再次发生。
- Antibiotics are usually not required in closed head injuries.抗生素通常并不需要在封闭的头部受伤。 Some doctors use antibiotics in all cases of basilar skull fracture.一些医生使用抗生素在所有情况下基底颅骨骨折。 Other doctors do not feel this is useful.其他医生不觉得这是有用。
When there is a closed head injury with bleeding inside the skull, the doctor must consider a number of factors to determine the correct treatment.当有闭合性颅脑损伤出血颅骨内，医生必须考虑一些因素，以确定正确的治疗。 Some of these include the location of the bleeding, severity of the symptoms, any other injuries, and progression of symptoms.其中一些包括位置的出血，严重的症状，其他任何伤害，及进展的症状。 Surgery may be needed.手术治疗可能是必须的。 Other options include pressure monitors, medication to prevent seizures, and antibiotics to prevent infection.其他选项包括压力监测，药物治疗，以防止癫痫发作，和抗生素，以防止感染。 People with this type of injury may need a breathing tube inserted (intubation) to help prevent further brain injury.人民与这种类型的伤可能需要插入呼吸管（气管插管），以帮助防止进一步的脑损伤。 Angiography may be performed.血管造影可完成。
Penetrating head injuries often require some sort of surgery, usually to remove foreign material or to stop bleeding.穿透头部受伤，通常需要某种形式的手术，通常是为了消除外国材料或止血。 Other options include pressure monitors, medication to prevent seizures, and antibiotics to prevent infection.其他选项包括压力监测，药物治疗，以防止癫痫发作，和抗生素，以防止感染。 People with this type of injury may need a breathing tube inserted to help prevent further brain injury.人民与这种类型的伤可能需要插入呼吸管，以帮助防止进一步的脑损伤。 Angiography may be performed.血管造影可完成。