People who have chronic kidney disease may not have symptoms of the disease until kidney function has decreased to a very low level.人们谁也慢性肾脏病可能没有症状，直到肾功能下降到很低的水平。 Tests are vital to help determine:试验是至关重要的，以帮助确定：

• Whether kidney disease has developed suddenly or as a long-term process (acute renal failure versus chronic kidney disease).无论是肾脏疾病已开发突然或作为一个长期的过程（急性肾功能衰竭与慢性肾脏病） 。 Some of the tests used to evaluate acute renal failure may also be used if a person with chronic kidney disease has a sudden drop in kidney function.一些试验用来评估急性肾功能衰竭也可用于如果一个人与慢性肾脏病有一个突然下降，肾功能。
• What is causing the kidney damage.是什么原因造成的肾脏受损。
• The best type of treatment to help slow the progression of kidney damage.最佳类型的治疗，以帮助进展缓慢的肾脏受损。
• How well treatment is working.以及如何处理工作。
• When to begin dialysis or have a kidney transplant.当开始透析或肾脏移植。

Once you are diagnosed with chronic kidney disease, blood and urine tests can help monitor the disease.一旦你被诊断为慢性肾脏疾病，血液和尿液测试可以帮助监测疾病。

Tests to check kidney function测试，以检查肾功能

When kidney function is decreased, substances such as urea, creatinine, and certain electrolytes begin to build up in the bloodstream.当肾功能下降，物质，如尿素，肌酐，以及某些电解质开始建立血液中。 The following blood and urine tests measure changing levels of these substances in the bloodstream and can help estimate how well your kidneys are working.下面的血液和尿液检验衡量各级改变这些物质在血液中，并可以帮助以及如何估计你的肾脏工作。

• A fasting blood glucose test is done to measure your blood sugar.阿空腹血糖测试是为了测量你的血糖。 High blood sugar levels damage blood vessels in the kidneys.高血糖损害血管的肾脏。
• Creatinine and creatinine clearance tests measure the level of creatinine in the blood and how well the kidneys clear this substance from the body.肌酐和肌酐清除试验检测水平，肌酐在血液中，以及如何以及肾脏清除这种物质从体内。 The amount of creatinine in the blood increases when the kidneys are damaged and are not functioning normally.数额肌酐在血液中增加时，肾脏受损，不能正常运作。
• Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test measures the amount of urea in the blood.尿素氮（ BUN ）测试措施的数额尿素在血液中。 If the kidneys are not able to remove urea from the blood normally, the BUN level increases.如果肾脏无法排除尿素从血液正常，尿素氮水平的增加。 Heart failure, dehydration, or a diet high in protein can also increase the BUN level.心脏衰竭，脱水，或高的饮食蛋白质也可以增加尿素氮的水平。
• A blood test measures your levels of electrolytes, which are filtered out of the body by the kidneys.验血措施的电解质水平，这是过滤掉的身体由肾脏排出。 Altered levels of electrolytes, such as sodium and potassium, may mean the kidneys are not functioning adequately.改变各级电解质，如钠和钾，可能意味着的肾脏不能充分运作。
• A blood test for parathyroid hormone (PTH) checks the level of PTH in the blood.验血的甲状旁腺激素（ PTH ）检查激素水平的血液中。 PTH helps control calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood.甲状旁腺素有助于控制钙，磷水平在血液中。 A high parathyroid hormone level can be caused by conditions that lead to low blood calcium levels, such as chronic kidney disease.高甲状旁腺激素水平可能造成的条件，导致低血钙的水平，如慢性肾脏疾病。
• Urine tests, such as urinalysis (UA) and random urine test for microalbumin, measure the amount of protein in the urine.尿液测试，如尿液（ UA ）和随机尿微量测试，测量的数额蛋白在尿液。 Normally there is little or no protein in urine.通常很少或没有尿蛋白。 Kidney disease can cause increased protein in the urine.肾脏病可以导致蛋白质增加尿液中。

Since kidney disease runs in families, encourage close family members to have their kidney function tested.由于肾脏疾病运行在家庭，鼓励关系密切的家庭成员将其肾脏功能测试。 If kidney disease is found early, treatment can be started to slow or stop the damage.如果肾脏疾病的早期发现，治疗可以开始放慢或停止损害。

Tests for anemia试验性贫血

If the kidneys do not produce enough of the protein erythropoietin needed to make red blood cells, anemia can develop.如果肾脏没有产生足够的红细胞生成素蛋白的需要，使红血细胞，贫血可以开发。 This type of anemia is treated with a medicine called human recombinant erythropoietin (rhEPO) that helps your body make new red blood cells.这种类型的贫血治疗药物重组人所谓的促红细胞生成素（重组人红细胞生成素） ，可以帮助你的身体做出新的红血细胞。

Tests to monitor anemia include:试验性贫血监测包括：

• Complete blood count (CBC).完整的血液计数（加拿大） 。 A CBC measures the hematocrit and the hemoglobin level, which indicates how well dialysis or rhEPO therapy is working.阿央行的措施红细胞和血红蛋白水平，这表明如何透析或重组人红细胞生成素治疗工作。
• Reticulocyte count.网织红细胞计数。 A low reticulocyte count often means decreased production of red blood cells by the bone marrow.低网织红细胞计数下降往往意味着生产的红血细胞的骨髓。 Iron deficiency or low levels of erythropoietin can cause decreased production of red blood cells by the bone marrow.缺铁性或低层次的促红细胞生成素可导致产量下降的红血细胞的骨髓。
• Iron studies.铁的研究。 Your body needs iron for the proper function of hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen.你的身体需要铁的适当功能的血红蛋白，蛋白质在红血球携带氧气。 Decreased production of red blood cells or the inability to store iron in the body can cause a low iron level.减少生产的红血细胞或无法储存铁在人体内可导致低铁的水平。
• Serum ferritin test, to measure the protein that binds to iron in the body.血清铁蛋白测试，以衡量蛋白质，铁结合的机构。 Decreased production of red blood cells or the inability to store iron in the body can cause a low level of serum ferritin.减少生产的红血细胞或无法储存铁在人体内可导致低水平的血清铁蛋白。

Other tests其他测试

Your doctor may use other tests to monitor reduced kidney function or to determine whether another kidney disease or condition is contributing to reduced kidney function.你的医生可能会使用其他测试，以监测肾功能降低，或以确定是否另一个肾脏疾病或状况有助于降低肾脏功能。

• An ultrasound of the kidney (renal ultrasound) accurately measures the size of the kidneys, which may help estimate how long chronic kidney disease has been present and to check whether urine flow from the kidneys is blocked.超声肾（肾超声）精确测量的大小肾脏，这可能有助于预测多久慢性肾脏疾病一直存在，并检查是否尿流从肾脏被封锁。 An ultrasound also may help identify other possible causes of kidney disease, such as obstruction or polycystic kidney disease.超声波还可以帮助确定其他可能的原因，肾脏疾病，如阻塞或多囊肾病。
• A duplex Doppler study or angiogram of the kidney may be done to check for problems caused by restricted blood flow (renal artery stenosis).一个复式多普勒研究或血管造影肾脏可采取检查所造成的问题限制血流量（肾动脉狭窄） 。
• A kidney biopsy may help determine the cause of chronic kidney disease.肾穿刺活检可以帮助确定是什么原因造成的慢性肾脏疾病。 It may also be used after kidney transplant when organ rejection is suspected.它也可用于肾移植后器官排斥时，被怀疑。

The dye used during CT scan and intravenous pyelogram (IVP) may damage the kidneys further, so these tests are not usually used to evaluate kidney disease.染料中使用CT扫描和静脉肾盂造影（造影）可能损害肾脏，进一步的，所以这些测试通常不用于评价肾脏疾病。

Early screening for chronic kidney disease早期筛查慢性肾脏病

Experts recommend screening tests for chronic kidney disease in high-risk groups, such as people with diabetes or high blood pressure.专家建议筛检的慢性肾脏疾病的高危人群，如糖尿病人或血压高。 Being diagnosed with kidney disease before it has progressed gives you the best chance to control the disease.被诊断肾脏疾病面前取得了进展给你最好的机会来控制疾病。

Screening tests for people who have diabetes 筛选测试的人谁有糖尿病

Kidney damage caused by diabetes is called diabetic nephropathy.肾所造成的损害糖尿病被称为糖尿病肾病。 Doctors diagnose diabetic nephropathy with a urine test for microalbumin that detects protein in the urine.医生诊断糖尿病肾病的尿液检验微量蛋白检测尿中。 Normally there is little or no protein in urine.通常很少或没有尿蛋白。 Kidney disease can cause increased protein in the urine, or proteinuria.肾脏病可以导致增加蛋白在尿液，或蛋白尿。 The results of two tests done within a 3- to 6-month period are needed to diagnose diabetic nephropathy.结果两次测试做一个3 -6个月内需要诊断糖尿病肾病。

When to begin testing for protein in the urine depends on the type of diabetes you have; once testing begins, you should have it every year.当开始测试的蛋白在尿液取决于类型的糖尿病你;一次测试开始，你应该有它每年。

• Type 1 diabetes : Since it takes a few years before people with type 1 diabetes start showing signs of kidney damage, testing for protein in the urine should be done yearly after you have had the disease for 5 years. 1型糖尿病 ：由于它需要几年前人1型糖尿病开始的迹象肾脏损害，蛋白质检测尿液中应该每年在您有疾病为5年。 For children, testing usually begins at the time of puberty and continues yearly throughout life.对儿童来说，测试通常开始时的青春期，并继续每年在整个生命。
• Type 2 diabetes : Since people with type 2 diabetes have usually had the disease for several years before it is diagnosed, diabetes may have already caused some kidney damage. 2型糖尿病 ：由于人与2型糖尿病患者通常有病了好几年之前，它是诊断，糖尿病可能已经造成了一些肾脏受损。 Testing for protein in the urine should be done yearly after the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes.测试蛋白在尿液应该每年在诊断2型糖尿病。

For more information, see the topic Diabetic Nephropathy.欲了解更多信息，见本专题糖尿病肾病。

Screening tests for people who have high blood pressure 筛选测试的人谁也血压高

When you are first diagnosed with high blood pressure, you should have two tests to check your kidney function: blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine and creatinine clearance.当你第一次诊断为血压高，你应该有两个测试，以检查您的肾功能：尿素氮（ BUN ） ，肌酐和肌酐清除。 If your kidney function is normal and your blood pressure is normal with treatment, you will need to see your doctor yearly to have your overall health and kidney function evaluated.如果您的肾功能是正常的，您的血压是正常的治疗，则需要看到您的医生每年有您的整体健康和肾功能的评价。

Experts recommend that people with kidney disease keep their blood pressure below 130/80. ²专家建议，人与肾脏疾病保持其血压低于八十零分之一百三十。 ^第2

During your yearly visit, your doctor may order a chemistry screen, which includes BUN and creatinine tests, and a urine test to measure the amount of protein in the urine.每年在您的访问，您的医生可能以化学屏幕，其中包括尿素氮和肌酐试验，以及尿液测试来衡量的数额蛋白在尿液。 If your test results are normal and your blood pressure is under control, no further testing is needed.如果您的测试结果是正常的和你的血压已受到控制，没有进一步的测试是必要的。 If initial tests are abnormal, more tests may be needed to evaluate your kidney function.如果最初的测试是不正常的，更多的试验可能需要评估您的肾功能。

For more information, see the topic High Blood Pressure (Hypertension).欲了解更多信息，看到的主题血压高（高血压） 。

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