The goal of treatment for chronic kidney disease is to prevent or slow additional damage to your kidneys.这一目标的治疗慢性肾脏疾病是为了防止或减缓进一步的破坏，你的肾脏。 Another condition such as diabetes or high blood pressure usually causes kidney disease, so it is important to identify and manage the condition that is causing your kidney disease.另一个条件，如患有糖尿病或血压高通常是肾脏疾病的原因，所以重要的是要识别和管理的条件下，造成您的肾脏疾病。 It is also important to prevent diseases or avoid situations that can cause kidney damage or make it worse.同样重要的是预防疾病或避免局势可能会导致肾脏损害，或使情况变得更糟。

Initial treatment初步治疗

One of the most important parts of treatment for chronic kidney disease is to control the disease that is causing it.其中最重要的部分治疗慢性肾脏疾病是控制疾病，这种疾病是造成它。 If you have diabetes or high blood pressure, you and your doctor will develop a plan to aggressively treat and manage your condition to help slow additional damage to your kidneys.如果您已患有糖尿病或血压高，您和您的医生将制定一项计划，以积极治疗和管理您的条件，有助于减缓进一步的破坏，你的肾脏。

Your doctor will also check you for other conditions or diseases that may cause kidney damage, including a blockage (obstruction) in the urinary tract or long-term use of medicines that can damage the kidneys, such as some antibiotics or pain relievers (such as NSAIDs).您的医生将检查你的其他条件或疾病，可导致肾功能损害，包括阻塞（阻塞）在尿路或长期使用药物可损害肾脏，如某些抗生素或止痛药（如非甾体抗炎药） 。

You can take steps at home to help control your kidney disease:您可以采取步骤在家里，以帮助控制您的肾脏疾病：

• Follow an eating plan that is good for your kidneys.后续的饮食计划，这是一个好您的肾。 A dietitian can help you make an eating plan with the right amounts of sodium, fluids, and protein.阿营养师可以帮助您作出的进食计划的权利大量的钠，液体，和蛋白质。 For more information, see:欲了解更多信息，见：

  Eating plan for chronic kidney disease.饮食计划，慢性肾脏疾病。

• Participate in a daily exercise program.参加每日锻炼计划。 Work with your doctor or other health professional to design an exercise program that is right for you.与您的医生或其他保健专业设计工作程序，是正确的你。 Exercise may help you control diabetes and high blood pressure, which can lead to kidney disease.运动可以帮助您控制糖尿病和高血压的压力，这可能会导致肾脏疾病。
• Avoid taking medicines that can damage your kidneys, like ibuprofen (such as Advil) and naproxen (such as Aleve).避免药物可能会损害你的肾脏，如布洛芬（如布洛芬）和萘普生（如Aleve ） 。 Be sure that your doctor knows about all prescription, over-the-counter, and herbal medicines you are taking.确保你的医生知道的所有处方药，柜台，和草药你正在服用的药物。
• Avoid dehydration.避免脱水。 Get treatment right away for illnesses, such as diarrhea, vomiting, or fever, that can cause you to lose fluids.接受治疗的权利以外的疾病，如腹泻，恶心，呕吐，或出现发烧，这可能会导致您失去的流体。 Be especially careful when you exercise or during hot weather.要特别小心当你行使或在炎热的天气。 For more information, see the topic Dehydration.欲了解更多信息，见本专题脱水。
• Do not smoke or use other tobacco products.不要吸烟或使用其他烟草产品。 Smoking can lead to atherosclerosis, which reduces blood flow to the kidneys and increases blood pressure.吸烟可导致动脉粥样硬化，降低血流量的肾脏和增加血压。 For more information on how to quit, see the topic Quitting Tobacco Use.欲了解更多有关如何退出，见本专题戒烟烟草使用。
• Do not drink alcohol or use illegal drugs.不要饮酒或使用非法毒品。

Ongoing treatment正在进行的治疗

As part of your ongoing treatment for chronic kidney disease, you may be prescribed a blood pressure medication, such as an ACE inhibitor or an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB).作为您的持续治疗慢性肾脏疾病，你可予订明血压药物，如血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂或血管紧张素Ⅱ受体阻滞剂（ ARB的） 。 These medications are used to increase the blood supply to the kidneys, reduce protein in the urine, and help manage high blood pressure.这些药物是用来增加血液供应，肾脏，减少蛋白在尿液，并帮助管理血压高。 The recommended target blood pressure for people with kidney disease is less than 130/80. ²建议的目标血压的人肾脏疾病少于八十分之一百三。 ^第2

If you have diabetes, it is important to control your blood sugar levels with diet, exercise, and medicines.如果你有糖尿病，重要的是要控制你的血糖水平，饮食，运动和药物。 A persistently high blood sugar level can damage the blood vessels in the kidneys.持续高血糖水平会损害血管的肾脏。

Your doctor will use blood and urine tests to regularly check how well your kidneys are functioning and whether changes to your treatment plan are needed.您的医生将使用血液和尿液测试，以定期检查了解你的肾脏的运作，以及是否变更您的治疗计划是必要的。 These tests include:这些测试包括：

• Creatinine and creatinine clearance tests, which measure the level of creatinine in the blood and how well the kidneys clear this substance from the body.肌酐和肌酐清除测试，测量水平的肌酐在血液中，以及如何以及肾脏清除这种物质从体内。
• Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test, which measures the amount of urea in the blood.尿素氮（ BUN ）测试，该措施的数额尿素在血液中。
• Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which determines how well the kidneys filter the blood.肾小球滤过率（ GFR ） ，该决定如何以及肾脏过滤血液。

Depending on the stage of your disease, you may be able to take steps at home to help control your kidney disease:根据不同的阶段，您的病，您可以采取步骤在家里，以帮助控制您的肾脏疾病：

Follow the eating plan your dietitian developed for you.按照计划，您的饮食营养师为你制定。 Your eating plan will balance your need for calories with your need to limit certain foods, such as sodium, fluids, and protein.您的饮食计划将平衡您需要的热量与您需要限制某些食物，如钠，液体，和蛋白质。 For more information, see:欲了解更多信息，见：

Eating plan for chronic kidney disease.饮食计划，慢性肾脏疾病。

• Participate in a daily exercise program.参加每日锻炼计划。 Exercise may help you control diabetes and high blood pressure.运动可以帮助您控制糖尿病和血压高。
• Avoid taking medicines that can damage your kidneys.避免药物可能会损害你的肾脏。 Be sure that your doctor knows about all prescription medicines, over-the-counter medicines, and herbs you are taking.确保你的医生知道所有的处方药，处方药的药品和中药您正在服用。
• Avoid dehydration.避免脱水。 Get treatment right away for illnesses, such as diarrhea, vomiting, or fever, that can cause you to become dehydrated.接受治疗的权利以外的疾病，如腹泻，恶心，呕吐，或发烧，可能导致你成为脱水。 Be especially careful when you exercise or during hot weather.要特别小心当你行使或在炎热的天气。 For more information, see the topic Dehydration.欲了解更多信息，见本专题脱水。
• Do not smoke or use other tobacco products, alcohol, or illegal drugs.不要吸烟或使用其他烟草制品，酒精，或非法毒品。 Smoking can lead to atherosclerosis, which reduces blood flow to the kidneys and increases blood pressure.吸烟可导致动脉粥样硬化，降低血流量的肾脏和增加血压。 For more information on how to quit, see the topic Quitting Tobacco Use.欲了解更多有关如何退出，见本专题戒烟烟草使用。

Treatment if your condition gets worse如果您的治疗条件日益恶化

Chronic kidney disease is often progressive.慢性肾脏病往往是渐进的。 If the disease gets worse, your symptoms, such as fatigue, nausea, and loss of appetite, may occur more frequently or become more severe.如果这一疾病得到更糟的是，您的症状，如疲劳，恶心和食欲不振，可能会发生更频繁，或变得更加严重。 Work with your doctor to develop a treatment plan to help control these symptoms.与您的医生制订治疗计划，以帮助控制这些症状。 An eating plan that limits the amount of protein, fluids, and salt in your diet is usually needed to help slow the progression of kidney failure.一个饮食计划，限制数量的蛋白质，油，盐和你的饮食中通常需要帮助缓慢进展的肾功能衰竭。

Uremic syndrome (uremia) is a serious complication of chronic kidney disease.尿毒综合症（尿毒症）是一种严重的并发症，慢性肾脏疾病。 It occurs when waste products build up in the body because the kidneys are not able to eliminate them.它发生在废品积累在体内，因为肾脏无法消除。 These substances can become poisonous (toxic) to the body if they reach high levels.这些物质可以成为有毒（毒性）的机构，如果他们达到很高的水平。 Uremic syndrome can affect many body systems, including the intestines, nerves, and heart.尿毒综合征会影响人体的许多系统，包括肠道，神经，心脏。 If it develops, the mechanical removal of wastes and fluids (dialysis) or replacement with a donor kidney (kidney transplant) will be needed.如果它的发展，机械清除废物和体液（血液透析）或更换，以供肾（肾移植）将是必要的。

When the kidneys do not produce enough of the protein that the body needs to produce new red blood cells (erythropoietin), anemia develops.当肾脏不能产生足够的蛋白，人体需要产生新的红血细胞（红细胞生成素） ，贫血的发展。 This type of anemia is treated with a medicine called human recombinant erythropoietin (rhEPO) that helps your body make new red blood cells.这种类型的贫血治疗药物重组人所谓的促红细胞生成素（重组人红细胞生成素） ，可以帮助你的身体做出新的红血细胞。 Treatment with rhEPO may also help improve your appetite and general sense of well-being.重组人红细胞生成素治疗也可能有助于改善您的食欲和一般意义上的福祉。

Treatment for kidney failure治疗肾功能衰竭

If you are not able to control chronic kidney disease, your kidney function will continue to get worse.如果你不能够控制慢性肾脏病，你的肾功能将继续恶化。 When kidney function falls below a certain point, it is called kidney failure.当肾功能低于某一点，这是所谓的肾功能衰竭。 Kidney failure has harmful effects throughout your body.肾功能衰竭的有害影响您的整个身体。 It can cause serious heart, bone, and brain problems and make you feel very ill.它可以导致严重的心脏，骨骼，大脑和问题，并让你感到非常生病。

Once you develop kidney failure, either you will need to have dialysis or you will need a new kidney.一旦你制定肾功能衰竭，要么你将需要透析或您将需要一个新的肾脏。 Both choices have risks and benefits.这两种选择有风险和好处。 Talk with your doctor to decide which would be best for you.跟你的医生来决定这将是最适合您。

Dialysis is a process that performs the work of healthy kidneys by clearing wastes and extra fluid from the body and restoring the proper balance of chemicals (electrolytes) in the blood.透析是一个过程，执行工作的健康肾脏清除废物和多余液体从身体和恢复适当的平衡，化学品（电解质）在血液中。 You may use dialysis for many years, or it may be a short-term measure while you are waiting for a kidney transplant.您可以使用透析多年，也可能是短期措施，而你正在等待肾脏移植。

The two types of dialysis used to treat severe chronic kidney disease are hemodialysis这两种透析用于治疗严重的慢性肾脏疾病是血液透析 and peritoneal dialysis和腹膜透析 . 。

• Hemodialysis uses a man-made membrane called a dialyzer to clean your blood.血液透析使用的人造膜称为透析清洁你的血液。 You are connected to the dialyzer by tubes attached to your blood vessels.您正在连接到透析的管子连接到您的血管。 Before hemodialysis treatments can begin, your doctor creates a site where blood can flow in and out of your body.血液透析治疗之前就可以开始，您的医生创建了一个网站，血可流出你的身体。 This is called the dialysis access.这就是所谓的透析访问。 Usually the doctor creates the access by joining an artery and a vein in the forearm or by using a small tube to connect an artery and a vein.通常医生创造了机会加入动脉和静脉的前臂或用小管连接动脉和静脉。 An access may be created on a short-term basis by putting a small tube into a vein in your neck, upper chest, or groin.访问可能会产生短期基础上把一个小管进入静脉你的脖子，上胸部，或腹股沟。
• Peritoneal dialysis uses the lining of your belly, which is called the peritoneal membrane, to filter your blood.腹膜透析使用衬砌您的腹部，这是所谓的腹腔膜，过滤你的血液。 Before you can begin peritoneal dialysis, your doctor will need to place a catheter in your belly to be the dialysis access.才能开始腹膜透析，您的医生将需要建立一个导管在您的腹部要透析访问。

For more information about dialysis, see:如需透析，见：

Which type of dialysis should I have?哪种类型的透析我应该吗？

Kidney transplant is often a better treatment option for kidney failure because it may allow you to live a fairly normal life.肾移植手术往往是一种更好的治疗选择，肾功能衰竭，因为它可以让您的生活相当正常的生活。 But there are some drawbacks:但也有一些缺点：

• If no one you know can donate a kidney, the wait for a transplant may be long.如果没有人知道可以捐献一个肾脏，在等待器官移植可能是漫长的。 You will probably need to have dialysis while you wait for a kidney.您可能会需要透析，而您等待肾脏。
• It may be difficult to find a good match for your blood and tissue types.可能很难找到一个适合您的血液和组织类型。 Sometimes, even when the match is good, the body rejects the new kidney.有时候，即使比赛是好的，身体不接受新的肾脏。
• You will have to take medicine to suppress your immune system (immunosuppressants) for the rest of your life.您将有吃药压制你的免疫系统（免疫抑制剂） ，其余的生活。 These medicines help prevent your body from attacking your new kidney (rejection).这些药物有助于防止您的身体攻击您的新肾（反对） 。 Not taking the medicines properly is a common cause of rejection.没有采取适当的药物是一种常见的排斥反应。
• Immunosuppressant medicines work by lowering your body’s disease-fighting ability, so they increase your risk of getting infections or cancer.免疫抑制剂药物的工作，降低您的身体疾病的作战能力，所以他们增加您的风险越来越感染或癌症。
• In some cases, kidney transplant is not successful.在某些情况下，肾移植手术没有成功。 If this is the case, transplant can be tried again.如果是这种情况，移植可以再次尝试。

For more general information about transplant, see the topic Organ Transplant.如需有关器官移植，见本专题器官移植。

Palliative care姑息治疗

As your disease gets worse, you may want to think about palliative care.当您的疾病恶化，您可能想要思考的姑息治疗。 Palliative care is a kind of care for people who have diseases that do not go away and often get worse over time.姑息治疗是一种关心人的疾病谁不走，常常变得更糟随着时间的推移。 It is different than care to cure your illness, called curative treatment.这是不同的保健治疗的疾病，所谓的治疗性。 Palliative care focuses on improving your quality of life-not just in your body, but also in your mind and spirit.姑息治疗的重点放在改善您的生活质量，而不仅仅是在你的身体，而且在你的思想和精神。 Some people combine palliative care with curative care.有些人姑息治疗相结合的治疗护理。

Palliative care may help you manage symptoms or side effects from treatment.姑息治疗可以帮助您管理症状或副作用的待遇。 It could also help you cope with your feelings about living with a long-term disease, make future plans around your medical care, or help your family better understand your disease and how to support you.它还可以帮助你应付你的感情生活与长期疾病，使未来的计划你的医疗照顾，或帮助你的家人更好地了解您的疾病，以及如何支持你。

If you are interested in palliative care, talk to your doctor.如果你有兴趣的姑息治疗，谈论你的医生。 He or she may be able to manage your care or refer you to a doctor who specializes in this type of care.他或她可以管理您的照顾或提及您的医生谁擅长这种类型的服务。

For more information, see the topic Palliative Care.欲了解更多信息，见本专题安宁疗护。

End-of-life issues报废的问题

Chronic kidney disease progresses to kidney failure when damage to the kidneys is so severe that dialysis or a kidney transplant is needed to control symptoms and prevent complications and death.慢性肾脏疾病进展到肾功能衰竭时，损害肾脏是如此严重，透析或换肾需要控制症状和防止并发症和死亡。 Many people have successful kidney transplants or live for years using dialysis.很多人都成功的肾脏移植或生活多年使用透析治疗。 But at this point you may wish to talk with your family and doctor about health care and other legal issues that arise near the end of life.但是，在这一点上你不妨跟您的家人和医生的卫生保健和其他法律问题，出现接近尾声的生活。

A time may come when your goals or the goals of your loved ones may change from treating or curing your disease to maintaining comfort and dignity.时间可能会当您的目标或目标的你的亲人可能会更改，治疗或治愈的疾病，以保持舒适和尊严。 You may find it helpful and comforting to state your health care choices in writing (with an advance directive such as a living will) while you are still able to make and communicate these decisions.您可能会发现它有用和欣慰地州的医疗保健选择以书面形式（与事前指示，如生活会） ，而您仍然能够和沟通这些决定。 Think about your treatment options and which kind of treatment will be best for you.想想你的治疗选择和哪一种治疗将是最适合您。 You may wish to choose a health care agent, usually a family member or loved one, to make and carry out decisions about your care if you become unable to speak for yourself.您不妨选择一种保健剂，通常是家庭成员或心爱的人，提出和进行决策的护理如果你成为无法说话吧。 You also have the option to refuse or stop treatment.您也可以选择拒绝或停止治疗。 For more information, see the topic Care at the End of Life.欲了解更多信息，看到的主题关怀在生命的终结。

What To Think About什么思考

If you have severe chronic kidney disease but have not yet developed kidney failure, discuss with your doctor which type of dialysis is best for you.如果你有严重的慢性肾脏疾病，但尚未制定肾功能衰竭，讨论与您的医生哪种类型的透析是最适合您。 The type of dialysis you have may sometimes depend on how quickly you need to begin dialysis.该类型的透析你有时可能取决于如何快速你需要开始透析治疗。

Learning about dialysis (predialysis education) is an important step in preparing for dialysis.学习透析（透析前教育）是一个重要的步骤准备透析治疗。 Most dialysis clinics offer predialysis services to help you better understand your choices.大多数透析诊所提供透析前服务，以帮助您更好地理解您的选择。

Dialysis can be expensive.血液透析可昂贵。 But Medicare or insurance may cover most or all of the costs.但是，医疗保险或保险可涵盖大部分或全部的费用。 The dialysis center or hospital can help you find the best way to pay for your treatment.透析中心或医院可以帮你找到最好的方式支付您的治疗。

Making treatment decisions when you are very ill is difficult.制作处理决定时，你很生病是很困难的。 It is normal to be fearful and worried about the risks involved.这是正常的恐惧和担心所涉及的风险。 Discuss your concerns with your family and your doctor.讨论您的关注您的家人和您的医生。 It may be helpful to visit the dialysis center or transplant center and talk to others who have chosen these options.它可能是有益的访问透析中心或移植中心和他人谈论谁选择了这些选项。

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