Bookmark Us书签我们   Health AZ Guides亚利桑那州卫生指南 | Home 家  Angina Pectoris 心绞痛 Angina Pectoris心绞痛 Angina Pectoris 心绞痛
 Angina pectoris ("angina") is recurring pain or discomfort in the chest that happens when some part of the heart does not receive enough blood.心绞痛（ “心绞痛” ）是反复出现的疼痛或不适的胸部发生时，一部分心脏没有得到足够的血液。 It is a common symptom of coronary heart disease (CHD), which occurs when vessels that carry blood to the heart become narrowed and blocked due to atherosclerosis.这是一种常见的症状冠心病（ CHD ） ，其中发生在血管血液输送到心脏缩小，并成为阻碍由于动脉粥样硬化。
Angina feels like a pressing or squeezing pain, usually in the chest under the breast bone, but sometimes in the shoulders, arms, neck, jaws, or back.心绞痛的感觉更像是一个紧迫的或压缩疼痛，通常在胸部乳房下骨，但有时在肩膀，手臂，颈部，下巴，或回来。 Angina is usually precipitated by exertion.心绞痛通常是沉淀劳累。 It is usually relieved within a few minutes by resting or by taking prescribed angina medicine.它通常是解除在几分钟内休息，或采取明心绞痛的药物。
 What brings on angina? 是什么带来的心绞痛？
Episodes of angina occur when the heart's need for oxygen increases beyond the oxygen available from the blood nourishing the heart.心绞痛发作时出现心脏的需要以外增加氧气的氧气可以从血液滋养的心脏。 Physical exertion is the most common trigger for angina.体力消耗是最常见的引发心绞痛。 Other triggers can be emotional stress, extreme cold or heat, heavy meals, alcohol, and cigarette smoking.其他触发可情绪压力，极冷或热，重饮食，酗酒和吸烟。
Does angina mean a heart attack is about to happen? 心绞痛是否意味着心脏病发作约为发生？
An episode of angina is not a heart attack.一个心绞痛发作不是心脏病发作。 Angina pain means that some of the heart muscle in not getting enough blood temporarily--for example, during exercise, when the heart has to work harder.心绞痛疼痛的手段，有些心脏肌肉中没有得到足够的血液暂时-例如，在运动时，心脏已经更加努力地工作。 The pain does NOT mean that the heart muscle is suffering irreversible, permanent damage.疼痛并不意味着心脏肌肉正在遭受不可逆转的，永久性的损害。 Episodes of angina seldom cause permanent damage to heart muscle.心绞痛发作很少造成永久性损害心脏肌肉。
 In contrast, a heart attack occurs when the blood flow to a part of the heart is suddenly and permanently cut off.与此相反，心脏病发作时，就会发生血流量的一部分，心脏病突然和永久切断。 This causes permanent damage to the heart muscle.这会造成永久性损坏的心脏肌肉。 Typically, the chest pain is more severe, lasts longer, and does not go away with rest or with medicine that was previously effective.一般而言，胸部疼痛更严重，持续较长，不走与其他药物或以前有效。 It may be accompanied by indigestion, nausea, weakness, and sweating.它可能是伴随着消化不良，恶心，虚弱，和出汗。 However, the symptoms of a heart attack are varied and may be considerably milder.但是，症状的心脏病发作是多种多样的，可以大大减轻。
When someone has a repeating but stable pattern of angina, an episode of angina does not mean that a heart attack is about to happen.当某人有重复，但稳定的格局心绞痛，每集心绞痛并不意味着心脏病发作约为发生。 Angina means that there is underlying coronary heart disease.心绞痛指的是潜在的冠心病。 Patients with angina are at an increased risk of heart attack compared with those who have no symptoms of cardiovascular disease, but the episode of angina is not a signal that a heart attack is about to happen.心绞痛患者正处于一个危险增加心脏病发作与这些相比，谁没有症状的心血管疾病，但发作心绞痛不是一个信号，即心脏病发作即将发生。 In contrast, when the pattern of angina changes--if episodes become more frequent, last longer, or occur without exercise--the risk of heart attack in subsequent days or weeks is much higher.与此相反，当心绞痛格局的变化-如果事件更加频繁，持续更长的一段时间，或发生不行使-危险的心脏病发作在随后的数天或数周高得多。
A person who has angina should learn the pattern of his or her angina--what cause an angina attack, what it feels like, how long episodes usually last, and whether medication relieves the attack.一个人谁也心绞痛应该学习的模式他或她的心绞痛-什么导致心绞痛攻击，什么感觉，多久发作通常最后，是否可以减轻药物的攻击。 If the pattern changes sharply or if the symptoms are those of a heart attack, one should get medical help immediately, perhaps best done by seeking an evaluation at a nearby hospital emergency room.如果格局变化急剧，或者如果这些症状是心脏病发作，一个应该得到医疗帮助立即，也许做的最好的评价寻求在附近医院的急诊室。
Is all chest pain "angina?" 是所有胸痛“心绞痛？ ”
No, not at all.不，不是所有。 Not all chest pain is from the heart, and not all pain from the heart is angina.并非所有胸痛是发自内心的，并不是所有的疼痛从心底是心绞痛。 For example, if the pain lasts for less that 30 seconds or if it goes away during a deep breath, after drinking a glass of water, or by changing position, it almost certainly is NOT angina and should not cause concern.例如，如果疼痛持续不到30秒钟，或如果它消失在深深地吸了一口气之后，喝一杯水，或改变立场，但几乎可以肯定不是心绞痛和不应该引起关注。 But prolonged pain, unrelieved by rest and accompanied by other symptoms may signal a heart attack.但是，长期疼痛， unrelieved的休息，并伴随其他症状可能预示着心脏病发作。
How is angina diagnosed? 心绞痛是如何诊断？
Usually the doctor can diagnose angina by noting the symptoms and how they arise.通常，医生可以诊断指出心绞痛的症状以及它们如何产生的。 However one or more diagnostic tests may be needed to exclude angina or to establish the severity of the underlying coronary disease.然而一个或一个以上的诊断测试可能需要排除心绞痛或建立的严重性根本冠状动脉疾病。 These include the electrocardiogram (ECG) at rest, the stress test, and x- rays of the coronary arteries (coronary "arteriogram" or "angiogram").这些措施包括心电图（心电图）休息时，应力测试， X射线冠状动脉（冠脉“ arteriogram ”或“血管” ） 。
 The ECG records electrical impulses of the heart.心电图记录电脉冲的心。 These may indicate that the heart muscle is not getting as much oxygen as it needs ("ischemia"); they may also indicate abnormalities in heart rhythm or some of the other possible abnormal features of the heart.这可能表明，心脏肌肉没有得到氧气多，因为它需要（ “缺血” ） ;它们也可能显示异常心律不齐或其他一些可能的异常特征的心。 To record the ECG, a technician positions a number of small contacts on the patient's arms, legs, and across the chest to connect them to an ECG machine.记录心电图，技术员职务一些小接触病人的手臂，腿部，和整个胸部连接它们的心电图机。
For many patients with angina, the ECG at rest is normal.对于许多患者的心绞痛，心电图休息时是正常的。 This is not surprising because the symptoms of angina occur during stress.这并不奇怪，因为心绞痛症状，期间发生的压力。 Therefore, the functioning of the heart may be tested under stress, typically exercise.因此，运作的心脏可能会在压力下进行测试，一般的工作。 In the simplest stress test, the ECG is taken before, during, and after exercise to look for stress related abnormalities.最简单的应力试验，采取心电图之前，期间和运动后寻找相关的异常压力。 Blood pressure is also measured during the stress test and symptoms are noted.血压测量是在应力测试和症状的。
A more complex stress test involves picturing the blood flow pattern in the heart muscle during peak exercise and after rest.一个更为复杂的压力测试涉及想象的血流模式中的心脏肌肉运动高峰期间和之后休息。 A tiny amount of a radioisotope, usually thallium, is injected into a vein at peak exercise and is taken up by normal heart muscle.的微小数量的放射性同位素，通常铊，注入静脉在繁忙工作，并采取了正常的心脏肌肉。 A radioactivity detector and computer record the pattern of radioactivity distribution to various parts of the heart muscle.阿放射性探测器和计算机记录的模式放射性分配给各地区的心脏肌肉。 Regional differences in radioisotope concentration and in the rates at which the radioisotopes disappear are measures of unequal blood flow due to coronary artery narrowing, or due to failure of uptake in scarred heart muscle.不同区域间的放射性同位素浓度和费率在该放射性同位素的消失是不平等的措施，血流由于冠状动脉狭窄，或因失败的摄取创伤心脏肌肉。
 The most accurate way to assess the presence and severity of coronary disease is a coronary angiogram, an x-ray of the coronary artery.最准确的方式来评估的存在和严重性，冠心病是冠状动脉造影， X射线的冠状动脉。 A long thin flexible tube (a "catheter") is threaded into an artery in the groin or forearm and advanced through the arterial system into one of the two major coronary arteries.长薄软管（一个“管” ）是线程到动脉腹股沟或前臂和先进的通过动脉系统分为两个主要冠状动脉。 A fluid that blocks x-rays (a "contrast medium" or "dye") is injected.流体阻挡X射线（一种“对比剂”或“染料” ）是注射。 X-rays of its distribution show the coronary arteries and their narrowing. X -射线的分布显示冠状动脉及其缩小。
How is angina treated? 如何治疗心绞痛？
The underlying coronary artery disease that causes angina should be attacked by controlling existing "risk factors."根本的冠心病心绞痛的原因应该攻击，通过控制现有的“危险因素” 。 These include high blood pressure, cigarette smoking, high blood cholesterol levels, and excess weight.这些措施包括血压高，吸烟，高血胆固醇水平，和超重。 If the doctor has prescribed a drug to lower blood pressure, it should be taken as directed.如果医生处方药物，以降低血压，它应采取的指示。 Advice is available on how to eat to control weight, blood cholesterol levels, and blood pressure.咨询可如何吃来控制体重，血压胆固醇水平，和血压。 A physician can also help patients to stop smoking.医生还可以帮助病人戒烟。 Taking these steps reduces the likelihood that coronary artery disease will lead to a heart attack.采取这些步骤，减少的可能性，冠状动脉疾病将导致心脏病发作。
Most people with angina learn to adjust their lives to minimize episodes of angina, by taking sensible precautions and using medications if necessary.大多数人心绞痛学会调整自己的生活，尽量减少心绞痛发作，通过采取合理的预防措施和使用的药物，如果必要的。
Usually the first line of defense involves changing one's living habits to avoid bringing on attacks of angina.通常的第一道防线涉及到改变一个人的生活习惯，以避免对袭击事件使心绞痛。 Controlling physical activity, adopting good eating habits, moderating alcohol consumption, and not smoking are some of the precautions that can help patients live more comfortably and with less angina.控制身体活动，通过良好的饮食习惯，酒类消费放缓，和不吸烟的一些防范措施，可以帮助病人生活得更舒适，并减少心绞痛。 For example, if angina comes on with strenuous exercise, exercise a little less strenuously, but do exercise.例如，如果心绞痛是在与艰苦的工作，行使较少艰苦的，但做运动。 If angina occurs after heavy meals, avoid large meals and rich foods that leave one feeling stuffed.如果发生心绞痛后，沉重的膳食，避免大量膳食和丰富的食物，使一个感觉标本。 Controlling weight, reducing the amount of fat in the diet, and avoiding emotional upsets may also help.控制体重，减少脂肪的饮食，避免情绪冷门也可以帮助。
Angina is often controlled by drugs.心绞痛往往是控制毒品。 The most commonly prescribed drug for angina is nitroglycerin, which relieves pain by widening blood vessels.最常见的处方药物，心绞痛的硝酸甘油，这可以减轻疼痛扩大血管。 This allows more blood to flow to the heart muscle and also decreases the work load of the heart.这使得更多的血液流向心脏肌肉，也减少了工作量的心脏。 Nitroglycerin is taken when discomfort occurs or is expected.硝酸甘油是采取不舒服时，已经发生或预期。 Doctors frequently prescribe other drugs, to be taken regularly, that reduce the heart's workload.医生经常处方其他药物，将采取定期，减轻心脏的工作负担。 Beta blockers slow the heart rate and lessen the force of the heart muscle contraction. β -受体阻滞剂减慢心率，减少部队的心脏肌肉收缩。 Calcium channel blockers are also effective in reducing the frequency and severity of angina attacks.钙通道阻滞剂也有效地减少频率和严重程度心绞痛的攻击。
 What if medication fails to control angina? 如果不用药控制心绞痛？
Doctors may recommend surgery or angioplasty if drugs fail to ease angina or if the risk of heart attack is high.医生可能会建议手术或血管成形术，如果药物不能缓解心绞痛或心脏病的风险是高攻击。 Coronary artery bypass surgery is an operation in which a blood vessel is grafted onto the blocked artery to bypass the blocked or diseased section so that blood can get to the heart muscle.冠状动脉搭桥手术是一个行动中，血管移植到是被冻结的动脉绕过封锁或有病的部分，使血液可以进入心脏肌肉。 An artery from inside the chest (an "internal mammary" graft) or long vein from the leg (a "saphenous vein" graft) may be used.动脉内的胸部（ “内部乳腺”移植）或长期静脉从腿（一种“大隐静脉”移植）可使用。
 Balloon angioplasty involves inserting a catheter with a tiny balloon at the end into a forearm or groin artery.球囊成形术涉及导管插入一个微小的气球年底到前臂或腹股沟动脉。 The balloon is inflated briefly to open the vessel in places where the artery is narrowed.气球是夸大简单的船只开放的地方，动脉是缩小了。 Other catheter techniques are also being developed for opening narrowed coronary arteries, including laser and mechanical devices applied by means of catheters.其他导管技术也正在开发开放冠状动脉狭窄，其中包括激光和机械装置所采用的手段导管。
Can a person with angina exercise? 一个人可以与心绞痛的运动？
Yes.是。 It is important to work with the doctor to develop an exercise plan.重要的是要与医生制定一个训练计划。 Exercise may increase the level of pain-free activity, relieve stress, improve the heart's blood supply, and help control weight.运动可提高水平的疼痛自由活动，缓解压力，改善心脏的血液供应，并有助于控制体重。 A person with angina should start an exercise program only with the doctor's advice.一个人心绞痛应该开始了一个运动计划不仅与医生的劝告。 Many doctors tell angina patients to gradually build up their fitness level--for example, start with a 5-minute walk and increase over weeks or months to 30 minutes or 1 hour.许多医生告诉心绞痛患者，逐步建立自己的体能水平-例如，开始步行5分钟，并增加了数周或数月至3 0分钟或1小时。 The idea is to gradually increase stamina by working at a steady pace, but avoiding sudden bursts of effort.想法是逐步增加体力的工作在稳步进行，但避免突然爆发的努力。
What is the difference between "stable" and "unstable" angina? 之间的区别是什么“稳定”和“不稳定”的心绞痛？
It is important to distinguish between the typical stable pattern of angina and "unstable" angina.重要的是要区分的典型模式，稳定型心绞痛和“不稳定”的心绞痛。 Angina pectoris often recurs in a regular or characteristic pattern.心绞痛复发往往在经常性或特征的模式。 Commonly a person recognizes that he or she is having angina only after several episodes have occurred, and a pattern has evolved.通常一个人认识到，他或她是唯一有心绞痛发作后，一些已经发生和格局演变。 The level of activity or stress that provokes the angina is somewhat predictable, and the pattern changes only slowly.一级的活动，或强调的是，挑起了心绞痛有些可预测性，以及格局变化缓慢。 This is "stable" angina, the most common variety.这是“稳定”型，最常见的品种。
Instead of appearing gradually, angina may first appear as a very severe episode or as frequently recurring bouts of angina.而是逐渐出现，心绞痛可能首次出现非常严重的事件，或经常反复几次心绞痛。 Or, an established stable pattern of angina may change sharply; it may by provoked by far less exercise than in the past, or it may appear at rest.或者，建立稳定的格局心绞痛可能急剧变化，它可通过挑起远低于行使与过去相比，也可能出现在休息。 Angina in these forms is referred to as "unstable angina" and needs prompt medical attention.心绞痛在这些形式被称为“不稳定型心绞痛” ，并需要及时的医疗照顾。
The term "unstable angina" is also used when symptoms suggest a heart attack but hospital tests do not support that diagnosis.术语“不稳定型心绞痛”也被用来症状时，建议心脏病医院检查，但不支持这一诊断。 For example, a patient may have typical but prolonged chest pain and poor response to rest and medication, but there is no evidence of heart muscle damage either on the electrocardiogram or in blood enzyme tests.例如，一个患者可能有长期的典型，但胸口疼痛和反应不佳休息和药物治疗，但没有证据证明有心脏肌肉损坏或者心电图或血液中酶的试验。
Are there other types of angina? 是否有其他类型的心绞痛？
There are two other forms of angina pectoris.有两个其他形式的心绞痛。 One, long recognized but quite rare, is called Prinzmetal's or variant angina.一，长期以来一直承认，但相当罕见，被称为Prinzmetal或变异型心绞痛。 This type is caused by vasospasm, a spasm that narrows the coronary artery and lessens the flow of blood to the heart.这种类型的原因是脑血管痉挛，一个痉挛是缩小了冠状动脉和减少了流动的血液回流到心脏。 The other is a recently discovered type of angina called microvascular angina.另一种是最近发现的一种称为心绞痛微血管性心绞痛。 Patients with this condition experience chest pain but have no apparent coronary artery blockages.患者这种情况下的经验胸痛，但没有明显的冠状动脉堵塞。 Doctors have found that the pain results from poor function of tiny blood vessels nourishing the heart as well as the arms and legs.医生们发现，痛苦的结果穷人功能的微小血管滋养的心脏以及胳膊和腿。 Microvascular angina can be treated with some of the same medications used for angina pectoris.微血管性心绞痛可以治疗一些相同的药物用于心绞痛。
Source: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health.来源：国家心，肺，血液研究所，美国国立卫生研究院。 |
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