Bookmark Us书签我们   Health AZ Guides亚利桑那州卫生指南 | Home 家  Anthrax 炭疽 Anthrax炭疽 Anthrax 炭疽
 Anthrax is an acute infectious disease caused by the spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium Bacillus anthracis.炭疽热是一种急性传染性疾病所造成的孢子形成，杆状炭疽芽孢杆菌的细菌。 Predominantly a cause of livestock disease, B. anthracis forms durable spores that can lie dormant in the soil for years.主要的原因牲畜疾病湾持久的炭疽孢子的形式，可以潜伏在土壤中多年。 Once eaten by a grazing animal, the spores are activated and the bacteria reproduce.一旦吃了草食动物，孢子被激活和细菌繁殖。 After the bacteria spread, they typically kill the infected animal and return to the soil or water once again as spores.之后细菌蔓延，他们通常会杀死被感染的动物和返回的土壤或水再次孢子。
The bacterium's destructive properties are due largely to toxins, which consist of three proteins: protective antigen, edema factor, and lethal factor.细菌的破坏性性能主要是由于毒素，其中包括三种蛋白质：保护性抗原，水肿因子，和致命的因素。
• Protective antigen (PA) binds to select cells of an infected person or animal and forms a channel that permits edema factor and lethal factor to enter those cells. •保护性抗原（ PA ）的结合，而选择细胞的感染者或动物和各种形式的渠道，允许水肿因子和致命的因素进入这些细胞。
• Edema factor (EF), once inside the cell, causes fluid to accumulate at the site of infection. •水肿因子（英法） ，一旦进入细胞，造成液体积聚在现场的感染。 EF can contribute to a fatal buildup of fluid in the cavity surrounding the lungs.英法能有助于建设一个致命的流体在腔周围的肺部。 It also can inhibit some of the body's immune functions.它还可以抑制某些人体的免疫功能。
• Lethal factor (LF), once inside the cell, disrupts a key molecular switch that regulates the cell's functions. •致死因子（星期三） ，一旦进入细胞，破坏的一个关键分子开关，调节细胞的功能。 LF can kill infected cells or prevent them from working properly. LF炉可以杀死感染的细胞或阻止他们正常工作。
About the Disease 水俣病
People rarely contract anthrax from healthy animals.人们很少从合同炭疽健康的动物。 Contact with infected livestock or their products such as leather and wool does, however, cause a limited number of anthrax cases throughout the world.接触受感染牲畜或其产品，如皮革和羊毛然而，造成数量有限的炭疽病例在世界各地。 In the United States, only 236 anthrax cases were reported between 1955 and 1999, an average of about five per year.在美国，只有236名炭疽病例报告与1955年和1999年，平均约5左右。 Most of those cases were occupational exposures in people who work with animal carcasses or products.大部分这些案件职业照射的人谁与动物尸体或产品。 The treatable cutaneous (skin) form of the disease is most common.该可治疗皮肤（皮肤）形式的疾病是最常见的。 Worldwide incidence is unknown, but anthrax occurs more frequently in developing countries, especially those without strong veterinary public health programs.全球发病率不详，但炭疽更频繁地发生在发展中国家，尤其是那些没有强大的兽医公共卫生项目。 Anthrax is not transmitted from person to person.炭疽是不是人与人之间传播。
Human anthrax occurs primarily in three forms: cutaneous, gastrointestinal, and inhalation.人类炭疽热主要发生在三种形式：皮肤，胃肠道，并吸入。
• Cutaneous anthrax occurs when the bacteria, usually from infected animal products, enter a break in the skin. •皮肤时，就会发生炭疽热细菌，通常是由受感染的动物产品，进入一个打破皮肤。 The skin reddens and swells, much like an insect bite, then develops a painless blackened lesion or ulcer that may form a brown scab.皮肤reddens和膨胀，就像一个昆虫叮咬，然后开发出无痛发黑或溃疡病灶可能形成一个褐色的痂。 If left untreated, the infection can spread through the body.如果不及时治疗，感染可以蔓延到身体的其他部位。 Cutaneous anthrax is the most common form of the diseases and responds well to antibiotics.皮肤炭疽是最常见的形式是疾病和响应以及抗生素。 It is rarely fatal if treated before it becomes invasive.这是很少致命的，如果处理后才成为侵入。
• Gastrointestinal anthrax may arise when a person eats contaminated food. •胃肠炭疽热时可能出现一个人吃受污染的食物。 The infection often causes fever accompanied by gastrointestinal problems such as vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, or loss of appetite.感染发烧的原因往往伴随着消化道的问题，如腹泻，呕吐，腹痛，腹泻，或食欲不振。 In some cases, lesions may form in the nose and throat instead of the lower digestive tract.在某些情况下，病变的可能形成的鼻子和咽喉，而不是下消化道。 In both cases, gastrointestinal anthrax can spread through the body and is often fatal if not treated immediately.在这两种情况下，胃肠道传播炭疽热可以通过机构，常常是致命的，如果不立即治疗。 This form of anthrax, however, is not known to have occurred in the United States.这种形式的炭疽，不过，不知道发生在美国。
• Inhalation anthrax, sometimes called respiratory or pulmonary anthrax, occurs when the bacterial spores are inhaled. •吸入性炭疽热，有时被称为呼吸或肺炭疽，发生在细菌孢子被吸入。 The early symptoms resemble those of a common cold or sore throat.早期症状类似于一个普通的感冒或喉咙痛。 The spores travel from the lungs to immune cells called macrophages in the nearby lymph nodes.旅行的孢子从肺部免疫细胞巨噬细胞在附近的淋巴结。 There they begin to reproduce and secrete their toxins, causing severe breathing problems and shock.他们在那里开始繁殖和分泌毒素，造成了严重的呼吸困难和休克。 Treatment is difficult once the bacteria have reached that stage, and death often ensues.治疗是困难的，一旦细菌已达到这一阶段，往往随之死亡。 Naturally occurring inhalation anthrax is rare.自然发生的吸入性炭疽热是罕见的。 Prior to the bioterrorist attack of 2001, the last known case of inhalation anthrax in the United States occurred in 1976 in a California craftsman who apparently contracted the infection from contaminated, imported yarn.之前的生物恐怖袭击2001年，最后为人所知的情况下吸入性炭疽热在美国发生于1976年在美国加州的工匠显然谁承包感染污染，进口棉纱。
Treatment and Prevention 治疗和预防
Antibiotics 抗生素
Several different antibiotics kill B. anthracis as it reproduces within people and animals.几种不同的抗生素杀死湾炭疽，因为它抄录在人和动物。 If diagnosed early, anthrax can be treated.如果早期诊断，炭疽可以治疗。 Unfortunately, infected people often confuse early symptoms with more common infections and do not seek medical help until severe symptoms appear.不幸的是，受感染的人常常混淆的早期症状更常见的感染，并没有寻求医生的帮助，直到出现严重症状。 At that point the destructive anthrax toxins, which are not affected by antibiotics, have risen to high levels, making treatment difficult.在这一点破坏性的炭疽毒素，这是不会受到影响的抗生素，已经上升到较高水平，使治疗困难。 Although cutaneous anthrax has telltale signs and symptoms making diagnosis easy, early stage gastrointestinal and inhalation anthrax are more likely to be mistaken for common maladies.虽然皮肤炭疽，已警示症状和体征作出诊断容易，早期胃肠道和吸入性炭疽热更容易被误诊为共同的弊病。
Vaccine 疫苗
An anthrax vaccine is licensed for limited use.炭疽疫苗的许可使用有限。 The vaccine is currently used to protect members of the military and individuals most at risk for occupational exposure to the bacteria, such as abattoir workers, veterinarians, laboratory workers, and livestock handlers.这种疫苗是目前用来保护军队成员和个人最危险的职业性接触的细菌，如屠宰工人，兽医，实验室工作人员和牲畜处理。 The vaccine consists of filtered proteins and other components of a weakened B. anthracis strain adsorbed to aluminum hydroxide.该疫苗由筛选蛋白质和其他组成部分的削弱湾炭疽应变，以吸附氢氧化铝。 PA is the major component of the vaccine that provides protection against infection.巴勒斯坦权力机构的重要组成部分，提供疫苗保护免受感染。 The vaccine contains no whole bacteria.该疫苗不含有整个细菌。
Health experts currently do not recommend the vaccine for general use by the public due to the rarity of anthrax and the potential for adverse side effects.卫生专家目前不建议的疫苗一般公众使用的原因是罕见的炭疽和潜在的副作用。 Researchers have not determined the safety and efficacy of the vaccine in children, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems.研究人员还没有确定安全性和疗效的疫苗在儿童，老年人，和人民同削弱免疫系统。 In addition, the recommended vaccination schedule is 6 doses given over an 18-month period, so the vaccine would likely offer little protection in response to a bioterrorist attack.此外，建议的疫苗接种计划是6剂超过18个月期间，因此该疫苗将可能实际上没有提供保护应对生物恐怖袭击。 For these reasons, a new anthrax vaccine is needed.由于这些原因，一个新的炭疽疫苗是必要的。
NIAID Basic Research NIAID的基础研究
Several biologic factors contribute to B. anthracis's ability to cause disease.一些生物因素有助于湾炭疽的能力，引起疾病。 By uncovering the molecular pathways that enable the bacterium to form spores, survive in people, and cause illness, NIAID hopes to identify new ways to diagnose, prevent, and treat anthrax.通过揭示分子途径，使细菌以孢子的形式，生存的人，并导致疾病，圣路易斯希望找出新的方法来诊断，预防和治疗炭疽。
Toxin Biology 生物毒素
Scientists are studying the anthrax toxins to learn how to block their production or action.科学家们正在研究炭疽毒素，以了解如何阻止其生产或采取行动。 Recently, NIAID grantees determined the three-dimensional structure of the LF protein as it attaches to its target inside cells.最近， NIAID的受赠确定三维结构的低频蛋白，因为它重视其目标细胞内。 The research showed for the first time that LF uses a long groove on its side to latch onto that target.研究表明，首次使用的LF炉长槽上的一面抓住这一目标。 At the same time, another group of researchers identified a protein receptor on the surface of host cells to which PA attaches.与此同时，另一组研究人员发现一种蛋白质受体表面的宿主细胞内的巴勒斯坦权力机构的重视。 Using a specific fragment of that receptor protein, the researchers were able to block the attachment of PA, thereby preventing formation of the PA channel and inhibiting the toxic effects of LF and EF in test-tube experiments.用特异片段的受体蛋白，研究人员能够阻止附着剂，从而防止形成的扩声通道和抑制毒性作用LF炉和EF在试管实验。 Other investigators have engineered mutant, inactive PAs that prevent bacteria-produced PAs from forming the channel.其他调查人员已设计突变，无效的功率放大器，以防止细菌生产的功率放大器形成的通道。 The studies of PA and LF should enable researchers to develop small molecules that can be used as therapeutics to treat anthrax by inhibiting its toxins.研究巴勒斯坦权力机构和LF应使研究人员开发小分子，可以被用来作为疗法治疗炭疽通过抑制其毒素。
The Anthrax Bacterium Genome 炭疽热细菌的基因组
The instructions that dictate how a microbe works are encoded within its genes.的指示，决定如何微生物工程，其编码基因。 Bacteria often contain genes at two locations.细菌通常包含基因的两个地点。 The bacterial chromosome is a long stretch of DNA that houses most of those genes, but smaller loops of DNA called plasmids also carry genes that can be exchanged between different bacteria.细菌染色体是一个长期伸展的DNA住房的大多数人的基因，但规模较小的循环所谓的DNA质粒携带的基因也可以交换不同的细菌。 Because plasmids often contain genes for toxins and antibiotic resistance, knowing their DNA sequence is important.由于质粒通常包含基因毒素和抗生素耐药性，了解他们的DNA序列是非常重要的。
In B. anthracis, the genes for PA, LF, and EF are found on plasmids that have already been sequenced.在湾炭疽，基因功率放大器， LF炉，和英法是质粒上发现已经测序。 In addition, researchers recently reported the complete chromosomal DNA sequence of two B. anthracis isolates, including the bacterium that infected a Florida victim of the recent anthrax attack.此外，研究人员最近报告的完整染色体的DNA序列的两个湾炭疽株，包括细菌感染佛罗里达州的受害者，最近炭疽热攻击。 Genome sequencing of more than a dozen other B. anthracis strains and related bacteria has already begun.基因组测序的十多个其他湾炭疽株和有关细菌已经开始。
By comparing the DNA blueprints of different B. anthracis strains, researchers hope to learn why some strains are more virulent than others.通过比较基因蓝图的不同湾炭疽株，研究人员希望了解为什么有些菌株毒性更大一些。 Small variations among the genomes of different strains may also help investigators pinpoint the origin of an anthrax outbreak.小的变化之间的基因组的不同菌株也可以帮助调查人员确定原产地的炭疽热疫情。 Knowing the genetic fingerprint of B. anthracis might lead to gene-based detection mechanisms that can alert scientists to the bacteria in the environment or allow rapid diagnosis of anthrax in infected people.了解遗传指纹炭疽杆菌可能导致基因为基础的检测机制，可以提醒科学家的细菌在环境中或允许快速诊断中的炭疽感染者。 Variations between strains might also point to differences in antibiotic susceptibility, permitting doctors to immediately determine the appropriate treatment.菌株之间的差别也可能指向不同的药敏，允许医生立即确定适当的治疗。
DNA sequencing also opens the door to functional genomics, in which the B. anthracis genome will be analyzed to determine the function of each of its genes and how they interact with each other or with host-cell components to cause disease. DNA测序也敞开了大门，以功能基因组学，其中湾炭疽基因组将被分析，以确定每个功能的基因以及它们如何互相交流，或与东道国细胞组成部分引起疾病。 Genes are the instructions for making proteins, which in turn build components of the cell or carry out its biochemical processes.基因是指示决策的蛋白质，从而建立组成部分的细胞或进行其生化过程。 Knowing the sequence of B. anthracis genes therefore helps scientists discover key bacterial proteins that can then be targeted by new drugs or vaccines.了解序列炭疽杆菌的基因因此有助于科学家发现关键细菌的蛋白质，就可以有针对性的新药物或疫苗。
Spore Biology 孢子生物学
B. anthracis spores are essentially dormant and therefore must wake up, or germinate, to become reproductive, disease-causing bacteria.湾炭疽芽孢基本上是休眠状态，因此必须起床，或发芽，成为生殖系统，导致疾病的细菌。 Researchers are therefore studying the germination process to learn more about the signals that cause spores to become active once inside an animal.因此，研究人员正在研究发芽过程中更多地了解信号，导致孢子成为积极一旦进入动物。 Efforts are underway to develop models of spore germination in laboratory animals; scientists hope those models will enable discoveries leading to drugs that block the germination process.目前正在努力发展模式的孢子萌发的实验动物;科学家们希望这些模式将使发现导致药物，阻止发芽的过程。
Host Immunity 主机免疫
People who contract anthrax produce antibodies to PA, and similar antibodies appear to protect animals from infection.人们谁合同炭疽热产生抗体，以巴勒斯坦权力机构，并出现类似的抗体，以保护动物免受感染。 Recent studies also suggest that some animals can produce antibodies to components of B. anthracis spores.最近的研究还表明，有些动物能产生抗体的部分炭疽杆菌孢子。 Those antibodies, when studied in a test tube, prevent spores from germinating and increase their uptake by the immune system's microbe-eating cells.这些抗体，当研究在试管内，防止孢子从发芽和增加其吸收的免疫系统的微生物吃细胞。 It therefore might be possible to develop a vaccine that can be given after exposure to fight both the reproductive form of B. anthracis and any spores that may linger in the lungs following antibiotic treatment.因此，它可能开发一种疫苗，可以考虑暴露后都作斗争的生殖形式炭疽杆菌孢子和任何可能徘徊在肺部下列抗生素治疗。
As part of NIAID's strategic plan, researchers will study how both the innate and adaptive immune responses are triggered by a B. anthracis infection.作为圣路易斯的战略计划，研究人员将研究如何在先天和适应性免疫反应引发了湾炭疽感染。 The adaptive immune response consists of B cells and T cells which specifically recognize components of the anthrax bacterium.自适应免疫反应包括B细胞和T细胞的规定具体确认部分的炭疽热细菌。 The innate immune system, however, responds more generally to a wide range of microbial invaders and likely plays a key role in the body's front-line defenses.先天免疫系统，但更普遍的反应各种各样的微生物入侵者和可能起着关键作用的人体一线防御系统。 Scientists will conduct studies of how those two arms of the immune system act to counter infection, including how B. anthracis spore germination affects individual immune responses.科学家们将进行研究，如何这两个武器的行为免疫系统对抗感染，包括如何湾炭疽孢子萌发影响个人的免疫反应。
NIAID Therapeutics Research NIAID的治疗研究
Following the recent discoveries of how PA and LF interact with their cellular targets, researchers are screening thousands of small molecules in hopes of finding a compound that is practical for use as an anti-anthrax drug.继最近发现如何PA和LF炉互动，而这些细胞的目标，研究人员正在筛选成千上万的小分子，希望能够找到一种化合物，是可行的，作为一个反炭疽药物。 In addition, NIAID is working with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and Department of Defense (DoD) to accelerate testing of collections of compounds for their effectiveness against inhalation anthrax.此外，圣路易斯正在与美国食品和药物管理局（ FDA ） ，疾病控制中心和预防（ CDC ）调查显示，部和国防部（ DoD ） ，以加速测试收藏的化合物其效力对吸入性炭疽热。 Many of those compounds have already been approved by FDA for other indications and therefore could quickly be approved for use in treating anthrax should they prove effective.许多这些化合物已被美国FDA批准的其他迹象，因此可能很快被批准用于治疗炭疽热要他们证明是有效的。
NIAID is seeking new drugs that attack B. anthracis at many levels. NIAID的是寻找新的药物，炭疽袭击湾在许多层面。 These include agents that prevent the bacterium from attaching to cells, compounds that inhibit spore germination, and inhibitors that block the activity of key enzymes such as anthrax lethal factor.这些措施包括代理商，以防止细菌附着到细胞的化合物能抑制孢子萌发，并抑制该砌块的活动起关键作用的酶，如炭疽热致命因素。 The Institute will also develop the capacity to synthesize promising anti-anthrax compounds in sufficient purity and quantity for preclinical testing.该研究所还将开发能力的综合前途的抗炭疽化合物的纯度和足够数量的临床试验。
IAID Vaccine Research IAID疫苗研究
Researchers are working on new, improved anthrax vaccines that may be more easily given to a diverse population.研究人员正致力于新的，改进的炭疽疫苗，可能会更容易考虑到不同的人口。 NIAID is collaborating with DoD to develop a next-generation vaccine based on a laboratory-produced, or recombinant, PA variant. NIAID的正与美国国防部开发的新一代疫苗的实验室生产的，或重组，美国宾夕法尼亚变。 Antibodies to PA also appear to recognize some components of the bacterial spore, making PA-based vaccines promising candidates for broad protection against anthrax.巴勒斯坦权力机构抗体似乎也认识到一些部件的细菌芽胞，使巴勒斯坦权力机构为基础的疫苗有希望的候选人广泛的保护，防止炭疽病毒。 The Institute will supervise phase I and phase II trials of the recombinant PA vaccine in different formulations.该研究所将监督第一阶段和第二阶段试验的疫苗重组巴勒斯坦权力机构在不同的配方。
To help move potential vaccines into clinical testing, NIAID will develop the infrastructure to produce pilot lots of promising candidates and expand the Institute's testing capacity.为了帮助潜在的疫苗进入临床试验， NIAID的将开发的基础设施，以生产试点很多有希望的应聘者，扩大该研究所的测试能力。 To assist in its vaccine research efforts, NIAID will establish a centralized immunology laboratory to assess the efficacy of different vaccine candidates.为了协助其疫苗的研究工作， NIAID的将建立一个集中免疫学实验室，以评估疗效不同的候选疫苗。
NIAID Diagnostics Research NIAID的诊断研究
Research is underway to develop improved techniques for spotting B. anthracis in the environment and diagnosing it in infected individuals.目前正在研究制定改进技术的发现湾炭疽在环境和诊断在感染者。 A key part of that research is the functional genomic analysis of the bacterium, which should lead to new genetic markers for sensitive and rapid identification.一个关键的一部分，这项研究是功能基因组分析的细菌，这将导致新的遗传标记的敏感和快速鉴定。 Genomic analysis will also reveal differences in individual B. anthracis strains that may affect how those bacteria cause disease or respond to treatment.基因组分析还表明在个别差异湾炭疽株可能会影响到如何将这些细菌引起的疾病或应对治疗。
Anthrax and Bioterrorism 炭疽热和生物恐怖
CDC has classified B. anthracis as a Category A agent.中华网分类湾炭疽作为A类代理。 Those agents are considered the highest threat to national security due to their ease of transmission, high rate of death or serious illness, and potential for causing public panic.这些代理商被认为是最高国家安全的威胁由于其方便传输，高死亡或严重的疾病，并可能引起公众恐慌。
In October 2001, anthrax spores were sent through the US mail and caused 18 confirmed cases of anthrax (11 inhalation, 7 cutaneous). 2001年10月，炭疽孢子被送往美国的电子邮件，并造成18例确诊病例的炭疽（ 11吸入， 7皮肤） 。 Five individuals with inhalation anthrax died; none of the cutaneous cases was fatal.五个人吸入炭疽死亡;没有任何皮肤例是致命的。
SOURCE: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases资料来源：美国国立过敏和传染病
May 2002. 2002年5月。 Last Updated August 18, 2003上次更新时间03年8月18日 |
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