Bookmark Us书签我们   Health AZ Guides亚利桑那州卫生指南 Related to ADD & ADHD相关地址及多动症 Common Treatments for ADD & ADHD共同处理的地址和多动症 | Home 家  ADHD 多动症 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD - Diagnosis and Treatment多动症多动症-诊断和治疗 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) - Diagnosis and Treatment 注意缺陷多动症（ ADHD ） -诊断和治疗
Steps In Making a Diagnosis步骤作出诊断
Whatever the specialist's expertise, his or her first task is to gather information that will rule out other possible reasons for the child's behavior.不管专家的专业知识，他或她的第一项任务是收集资料，将排除其他可能的原因儿童的行为。 In ruling out other causes, the specialist checks the child's school and medical records.在排除了其他原因，专家检查孩子的学校和医疗记录。 The specialist tries to sense whether the home and classroom environments are stressful or chaotic, and how the child's parents and teachers deal with the child.该专家尝试意识是否在家中和教室环境的压力或混乱，以及如何儿童的家长和老师应对孩子。 They may have a doctor look for such problems as emotional disorders, undetectable (petit mal) seizures, and poor vision or hearing.他们可能有一个医生寻找等问题，情绪障碍，不到（小条）癫痫发作，差视力或听力。 Most schools automatically screen for vision and hearing, so this information is often already on record.多数学校自动屏幕视力和听力，所以这种信息往往是已经记录在案。 A doctor may also look for allergies or nutrition problems like chronic "caffeine highs" that might make the child seem overly active.医生还可以寻找过敏或营养问题，如慢性“高咖啡因”有可能使孩子似乎过于活跃。
Next the specialist gathers information on the child's ongoing behavior in order to compare these behaviors to the symptoms and diagnostic criteria listed in the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders).下一步的专家收集资料儿童的持续的行为，以比较这些行为的症状和诊断标准中列出的帝斯曼（诊断与统计手册的精神障碍） 。 This involves talking with the child and if possible, observing the child in class and in other settings.这涉及到说话的孩子，如果可能，观察孩子在课堂上和其他设置。
The child's teachers, past and present, are asked to rate their observations of the child's behavior on standardized evaluation forms to compare the child's behaviors to those of other children the same age.孩子的老师，过去和现在，都要求他们的意见率儿童的行为规范评价形式，比较儿童的行为与其他儿童同样的年龄。 Of course, rating scales are subjective--they only capture the teacher's personal perception of the child.当然，评定量表是主观的-他们只捕获教师的个人看法的孩子。 Even so, because teachers get to know so many children, their judgment of how a child compares to others is usually accurate.即便如此，因为教师的了解，使许多儿童，他们的判断是如何的儿童相比，其他人通常是准确的。
The specialist interviews the child's teachers, parents, and other people who know the child well, such as school staff and baby-sitters.专家访谈儿童的教师，家长，和其他人谁知道儿童福利，如学校的工作人员和保姆。 Parents are asked to describe their child's behavior in a variety of situations.家长们要求描述自己孩子的行为在各种情况下。 They may also fill out a rating scale to indicate how severe and frequent the behaviors seem to be.他们还可以填写一份评量表说明如何严重和频繁的行为似乎是。
In some cases, the child may be checked for social adjustment and mental health.在某些情况下，儿童可检查社会适应和心理健康。 Tests of intelligence and learning achievement may be given to see if the child has a learning disability and whether the disabilities are in all or only certain parts of the school curriculum.试验的情报和学习成绩可以考虑看看孩子学习的残疾和残疾人是否在所有或某些地区唯一的学校课程。
In looking at the data, the specialist pays special attention to the child's behavior during noisy or unstructured situations, like parties, or during tasks that require sustained attention, like reading, working math problems, or playing a board game.在审视这些数据，专家特别重视儿童的行为在吵闹或非结构化的情况下，如当事方，或在任务需要持续关注，如读书，工作的数学问题，或玩游戏的董事会。 Behavior during free play or while getting individual attention is given less importance in the evaluation.在行为自由发挥，或同时获得个人注意同样重要的评价。 In such situations, most children with ADHD are able to control their behavior and perform well.在这种情况下，大多数儿童多动症有能力控制自己的行为和表现良好。
The specialist then pieces together a profile of the child's behavior.该专家接着件连同个人资料儿童的行为。 Which ADHD-like behaviors listed in the DSM does the child show?其中注意缺陷多动障碍样行为列在手册没有孩子吗？ How often?多久？ In what situations?在什么情况下？ How long has the child been doing them?有多久孩子做呢？ How old was the child when the problem started?如何岁时，孩子的问题开始了吗？ Are the behaviors seriously interfering with the child's friendships, school activities, or home life?是的行为严重干扰儿童的友谊，学校活动，或家庭生活？ Does the child have any other related problems?儿童是否有任何其他有关的问题？ The answers to these questions help identify whether the child's hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention are significant and long-standing.这些问题的答案有助于查明是否儿童的多动，冲动和注意力不集中是重大的，长期的。 If so, the child may be diagnosed with ADHD.如果是这样，孩子可以确诊为多动症。
Adults are diagnosed for ADHD based on their performance at home and at work.成人被确诊为多动症的基础上他们的表现在家庭和工作场所。 When possible, their parents are asked to rate the person's behavior as a child.如果可能的话，他们的父母是要求速度的人的行为作为一个孩子。 A spouse or roommate can help rate and evaluate current behaviors.配偶或室友可以帮助率和评价目前的行为。 But for the most part, adults are asked to describe their own experiences.但在大多数情况下，成年人被要求描述自己的经验。 One symptom is a sense of frustration.一个症状是一种挫折感。 Since people with ADHD are often bright and creative, they often report feeling frustrated that they're not living up to their potential.由于多动症的人往往是光明和创造性，他们往往感到沮丧的报告说他们没有辜负他们的潜力。 Many also feel restless and are easily bored.许多人还感到不安，并很容易感到厌烦。 Some say they need to seek novelty and excitement to help channel the whirlwind in their minds.有些人说，他们需要寻求新奇和兴奋，以帮助渠道的旋风式的想法。 Although it may be impossible to document when these behaviors first started, most adults with ADHD can give examples of being inattentive, impulsive, overly active, impatient, and disorganized most of their lives.虽然这也许是不可能的文件时，这些行为一开始，大多数成人多动症的例子可以给正在失神，冲动，过于活跃，不耐烦，和杂乱无章的大部分生活。
Until recent years, adults were not thought to have ADHD, so many adults with ongoing symptoms have never been diagnosed.直到最近几年，成年人没有想到有多动症，所以许多成人与正在进行的症状从未被诊断。 People like Henry go for decades knowing that something is wrong, but not knowing what it is.亨利这样的人去知道，几十年来的东西是错误的，但不知道它是什么。 Psychotherapy and medication for anxiety, depression, or manic-depression fail to help much, simply because the ADHD itself is not being addressed.心理治疗和药物治疗焦虑，抑郁或躁狂抑郁症失败，以帮助很大，只是因为多动症本身是没有得到解决。 Yet half the children with ADHD continue to have symptoms through adulthood.然而，一半的儿童多动症继续通过成年症状。 The recent awareness of adult ADHD means that many people can finally be correctly diagnosed and treated.最近认识成人多动症的手段，许多人终于可以正确地诊断和治疗。
A correct diagnosis lets people move forward in their lives.一个正确的诊断让人们向前迈进，他们的生活。 Once the disorder is known, they can begin to receive whatever combination of educational, medical, and emotional help they need.一旦障碍众所周知，他们就可以开始接受任何相结合的教育，医疗，和情感，他们需要帮助。
An effective treatment plan helps people with ADHD and their families at many levels.一种有效的治疗计划，帮助人们注意缺陷多动障碍和他们的家人在许多层面。 For adults with ADHD, the treatment plan may include medication, along with practical and emotional support.对于成人多动症的治疗计划可能包括医药，连同实际和感情上的支持。 For children and adolescents, it may include providing an appropriate classroom setting, the right medication, and helping parents to manage their child's behavior.对于儿童和青少年，可能包括提供适当的课堂设置，药品的权利，并帮助家长管理孩子的行为。
What Are the Educational Options?什么是教育选择？
Children with ADHD have a variety of needs.儿童多动症有各种各样的需求。 Some children are too hyperactive or inattentive to function in a regular classroom, even with medication and a behavior management plan.有些孩子过于活跃或失神地运作，经常课堂，即使有药物治疗和行为管理计划。 Such children may be placed in a special education class for all or part of the day.这些儿童可能是放置在一个特殊的教育课的全部或部分一天。 In some schools, the special education teacher teams with the classroom teacher to meet each child's unique needs.在一些学校，特殊教育师资队伍与学校教师，以满足每个孩子的独特需求。 However, most children are able to stay in the regular classroom.然而，大多数儿童能够继续留在常教室。 Whenever possible, educators prefer to not to segregate children, but to let them learn along with their peers.只要有可能，教育工作者不想分离的儿童，但让他们了解以及他们的同龄人。
Children with ADHD often need some special accommodations to help them learn.儿童多动症往往需要一些特殊的住宿，帮助他们学习。 For example, the teacher may seat the child in an area with few distractions, provide an area where the child can move around and release excess energy, or establish a clearly posted system of rules and reward appropriate behavior.例如，教师可对儿童座椅的地区很少分心，提供了一个地区的孩子可以走动和释放过剩能量，或设立一个明确公布的规则体系和奖励适当的行为。 Sometimes just keeping a card or a picture on the desk can serve as a visual reminder to use the right school behavior, like raising a hand instead of shouting out, or staying in a seat instead of wandering around the room.有时只是保持信用卡或图片桌面上可以作为视觉提醒使用权行为的学校，如提高，反之的呼喊，或停留在一个席位而不是游荡了房间。 Giving a child like Lisa extra time on tests can make the difference between passing and failing, and gives her a fairer chance to show what she's learned.让孩子像丽莎额外的时间就可以测试之间的区别，并没有传球，并给她一个更公平的机会展示她的教训。 Reviewing instructions or writing assignments on the board, and even listing the books and materials they will need for the task, may make it possible for disorganized, inattentive children to complete the work.审查书面指示或转让的董事会，甚至列出了书籍和材料，他们将需要的任务，可能使混乱，失神的儿童完成这项工作。
Many of the strategies of special education are simply good teaching methods.许多战略特殊教育仅仅是良好的教学方法。 Telling students in advance what they will learn, providing visual aids, and giving written as well as oral instructions are all ways to help students focus and remember the key parts of the lesson.告诉学生事先他们将学习，提供直观教具，并给予书面和口头指示，采取一切方法，帮助学生记住的重点和关键零部件的教训。
Students with ADHD often need to learn techniques for monitoring and controlling their own attention and behavior.多动症的学生往往需要学习的技术监测和控制自己的注意力和行为。 For example, Mark's teacher taught him several alternatives for when he loses track of what he's supposed to do.例如，马克的老师教他一些替代品时，他失去了追踪他所希望做到的。 He can look for instructions on the blackboard, raise his hand, wait to see if he remembers, or quietly ask another child.他可以期待的指示，在黑板上，提高他的手，等着看他是否还记得，或悄悄问一个孩子。 The process of finding alternatives to interrupting the teacher has made him more self-sufficient and cooperative.的过程中找到替代的教师打断了他的自给自足和合作。 And because he now interrupts less, he is beginning to get more praise than reprimands.因为他现在中断不到，他已开始获得更多的赞美比斥责。
In Lisa's class, the teacher frequently stops to ask students to notice whether they are paying attention to the lesson or if they are thinking about something else.在丽莎的课堂上，老师经常停下来问学生通知他们是否重视的教训，或者他们正在考虑别的东西。 The students record their answer on a chart.学生记录他们的答案图表。 As students become more consciously aware of their attention, they begin to see progress and feel good about staying better focused.由于学生成为更加自觉地认识到自己的注意，他们开始看到进步和感觉良好住更好地突出重点。 The process helped make Lisa aware of when she was drifting off, so she could return her attention to the lesson faster.这个过程帮助丽莎知道她对开海面，所以她可以回到她的注意，教训得更快。 As a result, she became more productive and the quality of her work improved.因此，她变得更加的生产和质量的提高她的工作。
Because schools demand that children sit still, wait for a turn, pay attention, and stick with a task, it's no surprise that many children with ADHD have problems in class.因为学校要求孩子坐下来，等待反过来，要注意和坚持的一项任务，这毫不奇怪，许多儿童多动症有问题在课堂上。 Their minds are fully capable of learning, but their hyperactivity and inattention make learning difficult.他们的思想是完全能够学习，但他们的多动症和注意力不集中使学习困难。 As a result, many students with ADHD repeat a grade or drop out of school early.因此，许多学生多动症留级或退学了。 Fortunately, with the right combination of appropriate educational practices, medication, and counseling, these outcomes can be avoided.幸运的是，同权相结合的做法适当的教育，医药，和咨询，这些成果是可以避免的。
Right to a Free Public Education有权享受免费公共教育
Although parents have the option of taking their child to a private practitioner for evaluation and educational services, most children with ADHD qualify for free services within the public schools.虽然父母的选择，考虑他们的孩子私人执业医生的评价和教育服务，大部分儿童多动症的资格免费服务的公立学校。 Steps are taken to ensure that each child with ADHD receives an education that meets his or her unique needs.采取步骤，以确保每个儿童多动症接受教育，以满足他或她的独特需求。 For example, the special education teacher, working with parents, the school psychologist, school administrators, and the classroom teacher, must assess the child's strengths and weaknesses and design an Individualized Educational Program (IEP).例如，特殊教育教师，与家长，学校心理学家，学校行政人员，和学校教师，都必须评估孩子的长处和短处，并设计了个性化教育计划（高能物理） 。 The IEP outlines the specific skills the child needs to develop as well as appropriate learning activities that build on the child's strengths.个人化教育计划纲要的具体技能的儿童需要制定以及适当的学习活动，是建立在孩子的长处。 Parents play an important role in the process.家长中发挥重要作用的过程。 They must be included in meetings and given an opportunity to review and approve their child's IEP.他们必须列入会议并有机会审查和批准他们的孩子的个人化教育计划。
Many children with ADHD or other disabilities are able to receive such special education services under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA).许多儿童与多动症或其他残疾人能够接受这种特殊的教育服务根据残疾人教育法（学会） 。 The Act guarantees appropriate services and a public education to children with disabilities from ages 3 to 21.该法保证适当的服务和宣传教育，残疾儿童的年龄从3日至21日。 Children who do not qualify for services under IDEA can receive help under an earlier law, the National Rehabilitation Act, Section 504, which defines disabilities more broadly.孩子谁不符合规定的服务理念可以得到帮助下较早的法律，国家康复法，第504 ，它定义更广泛的残疾人。 Qualifying for services under the National Rehabilitation Act is often called "504 eligibility."服务资格根据国家康复法案通常被称为“ 504的资格。 ”
Because ADHD is a disability that affects children's ability to learn and interact with others, it can certainly be a disabling condition.由于多动症是一种残疾，影响到儿童的学习能力和与其他人交流，也一定能成为停用状态。 Under one law or another, most children can receive the services they need.根据一项法律或其他，大多数儿童可以得到他们所需要的服务。
Some Coping Strategies for Teens and Adults with ADHD一些因应策略为青少年和成人多动症
When necessary, ask the teacher or boss to repeat instructions rather than guess.在必要的时候，问老师或上司的指示重复，而不是猜测。
Break large assignments or job tasks into small, simple tasks.打破大的任务或工作任务为小，简单的任务。 Set a deadline for each task and reward yourself as you complete each one.设定一个截止日期为每一项任务和奖励自己完成每一个。
Each day, make a list of what you need to do.每一天，列出你需要做的。 Plan the best order for doing each task.最好的计划以便做每一项任务。 Then make a schedule for doing them.然后安排他们这样做。 Use a calendar or daily planner to keep yourself on track.使用日历或每日规划，以保持自己的轨道。
Work in a quiet area.工作在一个安静的地区。 Do one thing at a time.做一件事的时间。 Give yourself short breaks.给自己短暂休息。
Write things you need to remember in a notebook with dividers.收件事情你必须记住在笔记本分隔。 Write different kinds of information like assignments, appointments, and phone numbers in different sections.收件不同种类的信息，如任务，约会和电话号码在不同的区段。 Keep the book with you all of the time.这本书保持与大家的时间。
Post notes to yourself to help remind yourself of things you need to do.邮政注意到自己，帮助提醒自己的事情你需要做的。 Tape notes on the bathroom mirror, on the refrigerator, in your school locker, or dashboard of your car -- wherever you're likely to need the reminder.磁带说明浴室的镜子，对冰箱，你在学校的更衣室，或仪表板上的汽车-无论您有可能需要提醒。
Store similar things together.商店类似的东西在一起。 For example, keep all your Nintendo disks in one place, and tape cassettes in another.例如，把所有的游戏光盘在同一个地方，磁带盒在另一个。 Keep canceled checks in one place, and bills in another.作废的支票保持在一个地方，并在另一法案。
Create a routine.创建一个例行公事。 Get yourself ready for school or work at the same time, in the same way, every day.获取自己准备上学或上班的同时，以同样的方式，每一天。
Exercise, eat a balanced diet and get enough sleep.运动，吃了均衡饮食和充足的睡眠。
Adopted from: Weinstein, C. "Cognitive Remediation Strategies."通过来自：韦恩斯坦角“认知修复策略。 ”
Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research.杂志心理研究与实践。 3(1):44-57, 1994. 3 （ 1 ） :44 - 57 ， 1994 。
What Treatments Are Available?什么治疗方法可用呢？
For decades, medications have been used to treat the symptoms of ADHD.几十年来，药物已被用来治疗多动症的症状。 Three medications in the class of drugs known as stimulants seem to be the most effective in both children and adults.三种药品中的药物称为兴奋剂似乎是最有效的儿童和成人。 These are methylphenidate (Ritalin), dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine or Dextrostat), and pemoline (Cylert).这些都是甲酯（利他林） ， dextroamphetamine （ Dexedrine或Dextrostat ）和匹莫林（ Cylert ） 。 For many people, these medicines dramatically reduce their hyperactivity and improve their ability to focus, work, and learn.对许多人来说，这些药物大大降低其动，并提高他们的能力，重点，工作和学习。 The medications may also improve physical coordination, such as handwriting and ability in sports.该药物也可提高身体的协调，如笔迹和能力的运动。 Recent research by NIMH suggests that these medicines may also help children with an accompanying conduct disorder to control their impulsive, destructive behaviors.最近的研究表明，镍氢电池这些药品也可以帮助儿童伴随品行障碍控制自己的冲动，破坏性的行为。
Ritalin helped Henry focus on and complete tasks for the first time.利他帮助亨利重点和完成任务的第一次。 Dexedrine helped Mark to sit quietly, focus his attention, and participate in class so he could learn. Dexedrine帮助马克，以静坐，集中了他的注意，并参加在课堂上让他学习。 He also became less impulsive and aggressive.他也变得不那么冲动和侵略。 Along with these changes in his behavior, Mark began to make and keep friends.随着这些变化，他的行为，马克开始制作并保存的朋友。
Unfortunately, when people see such immediate improvement, they often think medication is all that's needed.不幸的是，当人们看到这种立即改善，他们往往认为，药物是人们需要。 But these medicines don't cure the disorder, they only temporarily control the symptoms.但是，这些药物也不能治愈这种疾病，他们只能暂时控制症状。 Although the drugs help people pay better attention and complete their work, they can't increase knowledge or improve academic skills.虽然药物帮助人们更好地关注支付和完成他们的工作，他们不能增加知识或提高学术技能。 The drugs alone can't help people feel better about themselves or cope with problems.这些药物本身并不能帮助人们对自身的感觉更好或应付的问题。 These require other kinds of treatment and support.这些都需要其他种类的治疗和支持。
For lasting improvement, numerous clinicians recommend that medications should be used along with treatments that aid in these other areas.对于持久的改善，许多临床医生建议，药品应使用与治疗，援助在这些其他领域。 There are no quick cures.没有立竿见影的治疗方法。 Many experts believe that the most significant, long-lasting gains appear when medication is combined with behavioral therapy, emotional counseling, and practical support.许多专家认为，最重要的，持久的收益时出现的药物相结合，行为治疗，心理辅导，和实际的支持。 Some studies suggest that the combination of medicine and therapy may be more effective than drugs alone.一些研究表明，相结合的医学和治疗可能是更有效的药物仅比。 NIMH is conducting a large study to check this.镍氢电池正在开展一项大型研究，以检查这个。
Use of Stimulant Drugs使用兴奋剂
Stimulant drugs, such as Ritalin, Cylert, and Dexedrine, when used with medical supervision, are usually considered quite safe.兴奋剂，如利他林， Cylert ，并Dexedrine ，使用时与医务监督，通常被认为是安全的。 Although they can be addictive to teenagers and adults if misused, these medications are not addictive in children.虽然他们可以上瘾的青少年和成年人，如果滥用这些药物是不会上瘾的儿童。 They seldom make children "high" or jittery.他们很少让儿童“高”或不安。 Nor do they sedate the child.他们也没有安静的孩子。 Rather, the stimulants help children control their hyperactivity, inattention, and other behaviors.相反，帮助儿童的兴奋剂控制其动，注意力不集中，以及其他行为。
Different doctors use the medications in slightly different ways.不同的医生使用药物的方式也略有不同。 Cylert is available in one form, which naturally lasts 5 to 10 hours. Cylert提供一种形式，这自然持续5至10个小时。 Ritalin and Dexedrine come in short-term tablets that last about 3 hours, as well as longer-term preparations that last through the school day.利他林和Dexedrine来短期片，去年约3小时，以及长期的准备工作，去年通过学校一天。 The short-term dose is often more practical for children who need medication only during the school day or for special situations, like attending church or a prom, or studying for an important exam.短期剂量往往是更实际的儿童用药谁需要只有在学校一天或特殊情况，如参加教堂或舞会，或学习的一个重要的考试。 The sustained-release dosage frees the child from the inconvenience or embarrassment of going to the office or school nurse every day for a pill.缓释剂量释放儿童的不便或尴尬前往办公室或学校护士每天为丸。 The doctor can help decide which preparation to use, and whether a child needs to take the medicine during school hours only or in the evenings and on weekends, too.医生可以帮助决定哪些准备使用，以及是否一个孩子需要采取医学在上课时间，或只在晚上和周末，太。
Nine out of 10 children improve on one of the three stimulant drugs.十分之九的10名儿童改善三个兴奋剂。 So if one doesn't help, the others should be tried.因此，如果不帮助，其他人应该受到审判。 Usually a medication should be tried for a week to see if it helps.通常的药物应受到审判了一个星期，看看它是否会有所帮助。 If necessary, however, the doctor will also try adjusting the dosage before switching to a different drug.如果有必要，但是，医生也将尝试调整剂量之前，切换到一个不同的药物。
Other types of medication may be used if stimulants don't work or if the ADHD occurs with another disorder.其他类型的药物可以使用兴奋剂，如果没有工作，或者如果出现多动症与另一障碍。 Antidepressants and other medications may be used to help control accompanying depression or anxiety.抗抑郁药和其他药物可用于帮助控制伴随抑郁或焦虑。 In some cases, antihistamines may be tried.在某些情况下，抗组胺药可能受到审判。 Clonidine, a drug normally used to treat hypertension, may be helpful in people with both ADHD and Tourette's syndrome.可乐，药物通常是用来治疗高血压，可能会有所帮助的人都注意缺陷多动障碍和Tourette综合征。 Although stimulants tend to be more effective, clonidine may be tried when stimulants don't work or can't be used.虽然兴奋剂往往是更有效，可乐可能是试图在不兴奋剂工作或不能使用。 Clonidine can be administered either by pill or by skin patch and has different side effects than stimulants.可乐可以通过管理丸或皮肤修补程序和具有不同的副作用比兴奋剂。 The doctor works closely with each patient to find the most appropriate medication.医生密切配合每个病人找到最适当的药物治疗。
Sometimes, a child's ADHD symptoms seem to worsen, leading parents to wonder why.有时，孩子的多动症的症状似乎更加恶化，导致父母想知道为什么。 They can be assured that a drug that helps rarely stops working.他们大可放心，药物，帮助很少停止工作。 However, they should work with the doctor to check that the child is getting the right dosage.然而，他们应与医生检查，孩子获得正确的剂量。 Parents should also make sure that the child is actually getting the prescribed daily dosage at home or at school--it's easy to forget.家长也应该确定孩子实际上是让明每天用量在家里或在学校-这是很容易忘记。 They also need to know that new or exaggerated behaviors may also crop up when a child is under stress.他们还需要知道，新的或夸大的行为也可能出现在孩子受到压力。 The challenges that all children face, like changing schools or entering puberty, may be even more stressful for a child with ADHD.所面临的挑战，所有儿童都面临着一样，不断变化的学校，或进入青春期，可能会更加紧张孩子的多动症。
Some doctors recommend that children be taken off a medication now and then to see if the child still needs it.一些医生建议，儿童应采取了药物治疗，然后现在看到如果孩子仍然需要它。 They recommend temporarily stopping the drug during school breaks and summer vacations, when focused attention and calm behavior are usually not as crucial.他们建议暂时停止药物休息，在学校暑假时，把注意力集中和冷静的行为通常不会是至关重要的。 These "drug holidays" work well if the child can still participate at camp or other activities without medication.这些“药物假期”工作以及如果孩子仍可以参加营或其他活动，但没有服药。
Children on medications should have regular checkups.儿童用药应定期检查。 Parents should also talk regularly with the child's teachers and doctor about how the child is doing.家长也应该谈论定期与孩子的教师和医生如何孩子做的事情。 This is especially important when a medication is first started, re-started, or when the dosage is changed.这一点尤其重要，用药时首先开始，重新开始时，或在剂量改变。
The Medication Debate药品辩论
As useful as these drugs are, Ritalin and the other stimulants have sparked a great deal of controversy.至于有用的，因为这些药物的，利他林和其他兴奋剂引发了大量争论。 Most doctors feel the potential side effects should be carefully weighed against the benefits before prescribing the drugs.大多数医生认为，潜在的副作用，应仔细权衡利益面前处方药品。 While on these medications, some children may lose weight, have less appetite, and temporarily grow more slowly.虽然对这些药物，有些孩子可能会失去重量，减少食欲，并暂时变得更加缓慢。 Others may have problems falling asleep.其他人可能有问题入睡。 Some doctors believe that stimulants may also make the symptoms of Tourette's syndrome worse, although recent research suggests this may not be true.一些医生认为，兴奋剂也可能使症状Tourette综合征更糟的是，尽管最近的研究表明这可能不是真的。 Other doctors say if they carefully watch the child's height, weight, and overall development, the benefits of medication far outweigh the potential side effects.其他医生说，如果他们仔细观看了孩子的身高，体重，和整体的发展，带来的好处远远大于药物的潜在副作用。 Side effects that do occur can often be handled by reducing the dosage.副作用发生，往往可以通过减少处理的剂量。
It's natural for parents to be concerned about whether taking a medicine is in their child's best interests.这是自然的父母担心是否采取了医学在其儿童的最佳利益。 Parents need to be clear about the benefits and potential risks of using these drugs.家长必须清楚了解的益处和潜在风险的使用这些药物。 The child's pediatrician or psychiatrist can provide advice and answer questions.孩子的儿科医生或精神科医生可以提供咨询意见和回答问题。
Another debate is whether Ritalin and other stimulant drugs are prescribed unnecessarily for too many children.另一个辩论是利他林和其他兴奋剂药物是不必要的明太许多儿童。 Remember that many things, including anxiety, depression, allergies, seizures, or problems with the home or school environment can make children seem overactive, impulsive, or inattentive.请记住，很多事情，包括焦虑，抑郁，过敏，癫痫发作，或问题家庭或学校的环境可以使儿童似乎过度，冲动，或疏忽。 Critics argue that many children who do not have a true attention disorder are medicated as a way to control their disruptive behaviors.批评者认为，许多孩子谁没有一个真正的注意障碍的药物，以此来控制他们的破坏性行为。
Medication and Self-Esteem用药和自尊
When a child's schoolwork and behavior improve soon after starting medication, the child, parents, and teachers tend to applaud the drug for causing the sudden change.当一个孩子的课业和行为改善后不久就开始服药，儿童，家长和教师往往赞扬药物造成的突然变化。 But these changes are actually the child's own strengths and natural abilities coming out from behind a cloud.但是，这些变化实际上是孩子自己的长处和自然的能力走出云层后面。 Giving credit to the medication can make the child feel incompetent.给予信贷药物可以使孩子感到无能。 The medication only makes these changes possible.该药物不仅使这些变化可能的。 The child must supply the effort and ability.儿童必须提供的努力与能力。 To help children feel good about themselves, parents and teachers need to praise the child, not the drug.为了帮助孩子们感到欣慰的是自己，家长和教师需要赞美孩子，而不是药物。
It's also important to help children and teenagers feel comfortable about a medication they must take every day.还有一点也很重要，以帮助儿童和青少年的感觉很舒服了药物，他们必须考虑每一天。 They may feel that because they take medicine they are different from their classmates or that there's something seriously wrong with them.他们可能会觉得，因为他们吃药，他们不同于他们的同学，或有严重错误的东西与他们。 CH.ADD (which stands for Children and Adults with Attention Deficit Disorders), a leading organization for people with attention disorders, suggests several ways that parents and teachers can help children view the medication in a positive way: CH.ADD （指儿童和成人注意缺陷障碍） ，领先组织的人的注意障碍，建议几种方法，父母和教师可以帮助儿童期用药以积极的方式：
* Compare the pills to eyeglasses, braces, and allergy medications used by other children in their class. *比较药丸，以眼镜，背带，和过敏药物使用的其他儿童在其类别。 Explain that their medicine is simply a tool to help them focus and pay attention.他们解释说，药品是一种工具来帮助他们的重点和注意。
* Point out that they're lucky their problem can be helped. *指出，他们很幸运他们的问题能够得到帮助。 Encourage them to identify ways the medicine makes it easier to do things that are important to them, like make friends, succeed at school, and play.鼓励他们以确定如何用药更容易做的事情是很重要的他们一样，广交朋友，成功地在学校里，和发挥。
Myths About Stimulant Medication神话的兴奋剂药物
Myth: Stimulants can lead to drug addiction later in life.神话：兴奋剂可导致吸毒成瘾以后的生活中。
Fact: Stimulants help many children focus and be more successful at school, home, and play.事实：兴奋剂帮助许多儿童的重点和取得更大的成功在学校，家庭和发挥。 Avoiding negative experiences now may actually help prevent addictions and other emotional problems later.正反两方面的经验，避免现在实际上可能有助于防止成瘾和其他情绪问题之后。
Myth: Responding well to a stimulant drug proves a person has ADHD.神话：响应以及一个兴奋剂药物证明一个人多动症。
Fact: Stimulants allow many people to focus and pay better attention, whether or not they have ADHD.事实：兴奋剂让许多人把重点放在和支付更好的注意，不管他们是否有多动症。 The improvement is just more noticeable in people with ADHD.改善只是更加明显的人，多动症。
Myth: Medication should be stopped when the child reaches adolescence.神话：用药应该停止时，孩子青春期。
Fact: Not so!事实：并非如此！ About 80 percent of those who needed medication as children still need it as teenagers.大约百分之八十的人谁需要药物治疗的儿童仍然需要为青少年。 Fifty percent need medication as adults.百分之五十需要作为成年人用药。
Treatments To Help People With ADHD and Their Families Learn To Cope治疗方法，帮助人们注意缺陷多动障碍和他们的家庭学习，以应付
Life can be hard for children with ADHD.生活是艰苦的儿童多动症。 They're the ones who are so often in trouble at school, can't finish a game, and lose friends.他们是谁的常常在学校遇到问题，不能完成比赛，并失去朋友。 They may spend agonizing hours each night struggling to keep their mind on their homework, then forget to bring it to school.他们可能会花费痛苦小时每晚竭力保持其铭记他们的功课，然后忘记，使学校。
It's not easy coping with these frustrations day after day.这并不容易应付这些挫折日复一日。 Some children release their frustration by acting contrary, starting fights, or destroying property.有些孩子释放他们的挫折感行事相反，开始打架，或毁坏的财产。 Some turn the frustration into body ailments, like the child who gets a stomachache each day before school.有些沮丧又到身体疾病一样，谁得到孩子肚子疼，每天上学前。 Others hold their needs and fears inside, so that no one sees how badly they feel.其他人的需要和恐惧里面，所以，没有人认为有多严重，他们的感觉。
It's also difficult having a sister, brother, or classmate who gets angry, grabs your toys, and loses your things.它也难以有一个妹妹，弟弟，或同班同学谁得到生气，抓住你的玩具，你失去的东西。 Children who live with or share a classroom with a child who has ADHD get frustrated, too.儿童谁一起生活或共用一间教室与儿童多动症谁获得了挫折，太多。 They may feel neglected as their parents or teachers try to cope with the hyperactive child.他们可能会觉得忽视，因为他们的父母或教师尝试，以应付动的孩子。 They may resent their brother or sister never finishing chores, or being pushed around by a classmate.这些人可能仇恨的兄弟或姐妹从来没有整理家务，或推高的同学。 They want to love their sibling and get along with their classmate, but sometimes it's so hard!他们要热爱自己的兄弟姐妹和和睦相处的同班同学，但有时太硬！
It's especially hard being the parent of a child who is full of uncontrolled activity, leaves messes, throws tantrums, and doesn't listen or follow instructions.这是很难被家长谁是完全不受控制的活动，使食堂，全发脾气，不听，或者按照指示。 Parents often feel powerless and at a loss.父母常常感到无能为力和损失。 The usual methods of discipline, like reasoning and scolding, don't work with this child, because the child doesn't really choose to act in these ways.通常的方法，纪律，如推理和打骂，不与这个孩子，因为孩子并没有真正采取行动选择在这些方式。 It's just that their self-control comes and goes.这只是他们的自我控制来得快，去。 Out of sheer frustration, parents sometimes find themselves spanking, ridiculing, or screaming at the child, even though they know it's not appropriate.纯粹出于沮丧，有时家长发现自己打屁股，嘲笑，或尖叫的孩子，即使他们知道这是不恰当的。 Their response leaves everyone more upset than before.他们的反应使每个人更打破以往。 Then they blame themselves for not being better parents.然后，他们责怪自己没有得到更好的父母。 Once children are diagnosed and receiving treatment, some of the emotional upset within the family may fade.一旦孩子被确诊并接受治疗，一些情绪破坏家庭内可能消失。
Medication can help to control some of the behavior problems that may have lead to family turmoil.药物可以帮助控制的一些行为问题，可能导致家庭的动荡。 But more often, there are other aspects of the problem that medication can't touch.但更经常地，有其他方面的问题，药物不能触摸。 Even though ADHD primarily affects a person's behavior, having the disorder has broad emotional repercussions.尽管多动症主要影响到一个人的行为，而这种疾病具有广泛的情绪影响。 For some children, being scolded is the only attention they ever get.对于一些儿童，被骂是唯一的注意，他们都够。 They have few experiences that build their sense of worth and competence.他们几年的经验，建立自己的价值和能力。 If they're hyperactive, they're often told they're bad and punished for being disruptive.如果他们多动，他们经常告诉他们坏和惩罚被破坏。 If they are too disorganized and unfocused to complete tasks, others may call them lazy.如果他们过于混乱，没有完成任务的，其他人可能叫他们懒惰。 If they impulsively grab toys, butt in, or shove classmates, they may lose friends.如果他们冲动抓玩具，枪托，或推同学，他们可能会失去朋友。 And if they have a related conduct disorder, they may get in trouble at school or with the law.如果他们有相关的品行障碍，他们可能会遇到麻烦在学校或符合法律。 Facing the daily frustrations that can come with having ADHD can make people fear that they are strange, abnormal, or stupid.面对每天的挫折，可以配备有多动症可以使人们担心，他们是奇怪的，不正常，或者太愚蠢了。
Often, the cycle of frustration, blame, and anger has gone on so long that it will take some time to undo.通常情况下，这种循环的沮丧，责备，愤怒已经持续了这么长时间，它需要一些时间才能复原。 Both parents and their children may need special help to develop techniques for managing the patterns of behavior.双方父母和他们的孩子可能需要特殊帮助制定技术管理的行为模式。 In such cases, mental health professionals can counsel the child and the family, helping them to develop new skills, attitudes, and ways of relating to each other.在这种情况下，心理卫生专业人员可以律师儿童和家庭，帮助他们开发新的技能，态度，方式和有关对方。 In individual counseling, the therapist helps children or adults with ADHD learn to feel better about themselves.在个别辅导，治疗师帮助儿童或成人多动症学会对自身的感觉更好。 They learn to recognize that having a disability does not reflect who they are as a person.他们学习认识到，有残疾并不反映他们是谁，作为一个人。 The therapist can also help people with ADHD identify and build on their strengths, cope with daily problems, and control their attention and aggression.治疗师还可以帮助人们识别和多动症的基础上他们的优势，应付日常问题，并控制他们的注意力和侵略。 In group counseling, people learn that they are not alone in their frustration and that others want to help.在团体辅导，学习的人，他们不只是他们的挫折感和其他想要帮助。 Sometimes only the individual with ADHD needs counseling support.有时候，只有个别与多动症需要咨询支持。 But in many cases, because the problem affects the family as well as the person with ADHD, the entire family may need help.但在许多情况下，因为这个问题影响到家庭，以及人与多动症，整个家庭可能需要帮助。 The therapist assists the family in finding better ways to handle the disruptive behaviors and promote change.治疗师协助家属在寻找更好的方式来处理的破坏性行为，促进改变。 If the child is young, most of the therapist's work is with the parents, teaching them techniques for coping with and improving their child's behavior.如果孩子是年轻人，大多数治疗师的工作是与家长，教他们技术，以应付和改善儿童的行为。
Several intervention approaches are available and different therapists tend to prefer one approach or another.一些干预方法可以和不同的治疗往往倾向于一种办法或其他。 Knowing something about the various types of interventions makes it easier for families to choose a therapist that is right for their needs.了解一些不同类型的干预更容易为家人选择一个治疗是正确的满足他们的需求。
Psychotherapy works to help people with ADHD to like and accept themselves despite their disorder.心理的作品，帮助人们与多动症喜欢并接受自己，尽管他们的障碍。 In psychotherapy, patients talk with the therapist about upsetting thoughts and feelings, explore self-defeating patterns of behavior, and learn alternative ways to handle their emotions.在心理治疗，病人跟治疗师约镦想法和感受，探索自我挫败的行为模式，学习替代方式来处理自己的情绪。 As they talk, the therapist tries to help them understand how they can change.当他们谈论的治疗尝试，帮助他们了解他们如何能够改变。 However, people dealing with ADHD usually want to gain control of their symptomatic behaviors more directly.然而，人们处理多动症通常要增益控制其症状行为更直接。 If so, more direct kinds of intervention are needed.如果是的话，更直接地类型的干预是必要的。
Cognitive-behavioral therapy helps people work on immediate issues.认知行为疗法帮助人们工作的紧迫问题。 Rather than helping people understand their feelings and actions, it supports them directly in changing their behavior.而不是帮助人们了解自己的感情和行动，支持他们直接在改变他们的行为。 The support might be practical assistance, like helping Henry learn to think through tasks and organize his work.支持可能是实际的援助，如帮助亨利认为学习任务，并通过举办他的工作。 Or the support might be to encourage new behaviors by giving praise or rewards each time the person acts in the desired way.或可能是支持，鼓励新的行为给予表扬或奖励每次行为的人的理想方式。 A cognitive-behavioral therapist might use such techniques to help a belligerent child like Mark learn to control his fighting, or an impulsive teenager like Lisa to think before she speaks.认知行为治疗可能使用这种技术来帮助交战国孩子像马克学会控制自己的战斗，或是一时冲动少年像丽莎想在她说话。
Social skills training can also help children learn new behaviors.社会技能训练还可以帮助儿童学习新的行为。 In social skills training, the therapist discusses and models appropriate behaviors like waiting for a turn, sharing toys, asking for help, or responding to teasing, then gives children a chance to practice.在社会技能训练，治疗师讨论和适当的行为模式一样等待反过来，玩具分享，寻求帮助，或逗弄回应，然后让儿童有机会的做法。 For example, a child might learn to "read" other people's facial expression and tone of voice, in order to respond more appropriately.例如，一个孩子可能学习“改为”其他人的面部表情和语气，以便作出更适当。 Social skills training helped Lisa learn to join in group activities, make appropriate comments, and ask for help.社会技能培训帮助丽莎了解参加团体活动，作出适当的意见 |
|