Autism 孤独症
What is autism? 什么是自闭症？
 Autism is a complex biological disorder that generally lasts throughout a person’s life.自闭症是一种复杂的生物障碍，通常即止整个人的生命。 It is called a developmental disability because it starts before age three, in the developmental period, and causes delays or problems with many different ways in which a person develops or grows.这就是所谓的发展残疾，因为它始于3岁以前，在发展时期，并造成延误或问题，许多不同的方式，其中一个人的发展或成长。
In most cases, autism causes problems with:在大多数情况下，自闭症的根源问题：
• Communication, both verbal (spoken) and nonverbal (unspoken) •通讯，双方口头（口语）和非言语（潜）
• Social interactions with other people, both physical (such as hugging or holding) and verbal (such as having a conversation) •社会互动与其他人，包括身体（如拥抱或控股）和言语（如在一个会话）
• Routines or repetitive behaviors, like repeating words or actions over and over, obsessively following routines or schedules for their actions, or having very specific ways of arranging their belongings •套路或重复性行为，如重复言词或行动，多，煞费苦心下列程序或时间表对自己的行为，或有非常具体的方式安排他们的财物
The symptoms of the disorder cut off people with autism from the world around them.Children with autism may not want their mothers to hold them.这些症状的疾病切断人与孤独症从周围的世界them.Children孤独症可能不希望他们的母亲，以追究他们。 Adults with autism may not look others in the eye.成人孤独症可能不看别人的眼睛。 Some people with autism never learn how to talk.有些人从来没有自闭症学会如何说话。 These behaviors not only make life difficult for people who have autism, but also make life hard for their families, their health care providers, their teachers, and anyone who comes in contact with them.这些行为不仅使生活困难的人谁有自闭症，但也使生活困难的家庭，他们的卫生保健提供者，他们的老师，谁是人在与他们接触。
Why do some people get autism? 为什么有些人得到自闭症？
Autism is not a disease that you “get,” the same way you can get the flu.孤独症是不是一种疾病，你“获得” ，以同样的方式，您可以得到禽流感。 Instead, scientists think autism has its beginnings before a person is even born.相反，科学家认为自闭症有其开始之前，一个人出生。 No one knows the exact cause or causes of autism, but scientists have some theories.没有人知道确切原因或孤独症的原因，但科学家有一些理论。
Some of the researchers in the Network on the Neurobiology and Genetics of Autism: Collaborative Programs of Excellence in Autism (CPEA), a worldwide research network co-sponsored by the NICHD and the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), are focusing their efforts on possible genetic causes of autism.一些研究人员在网络上的神经生物学和遗传学的自闭症：协同程序的卓越孤独症（ CPEA ） ，全球研究网络共同主办的NICHD和国立耳聋与其他交流障碍（ NIDCD ） ，是注重他们的努力就可能遗传原因孤独症。 In 2000, scientists in the CPEA Network released the results of two studies that found genes were involved in autism.在2000年，科学家在CPEA网络公布的结果，这两项研究发现，基因参与了孤独症。 Additional papers were published in 2001 by CPEA researchers and other NIH-funded scientists as part of an international consortium on genetics research.附加文件在2001年出版的CPEA研究人员和其他美国国立卫生研究院资助的科学家的一部分，一个国际财团的遗传学研究。 These results lead researchers to believe that some people could have an error in their genes that makes them more likely to develop autism.这些结果导致研究人员认为，有些人可能有错误的基因，使它们更可能发展孤独症。 The CPEA Network and other NICHD-supported researchers are also looking into other factors that could be involved in autism, in addition to genetics, including neurological, infectious, metabolic, immunologic, and environmental.在CPEA网络和其他NICHD支研究者们还在考虑其他因素的影响，可参与自闭症，除了遗传，包括神经系统，传染病，代谢，免疫和环境。
How many people have autism? 有多少人有自闭症？
Currently, the exact number of cases of autism is not known, but estimates range from one-in-500 cases, to one-in-1,000 cases of autism diagnosed in the US every year.目前，确切的案件数量自闭症不知道，但估计范围从一个在500例，一个在一零零零案件诊断自闭症在美国每年。
Initial studies done in the 1960s pointed to four-to-five cases of autism in 10,000 people, which is why autism was once thought of as a rare condition.初步研究工作在20世纪60年代指出， 4至5例孤独症的10000人，这就是为什么自闭症曾经认为是一种罕见的疾病。 However, dramatic increases in autism disorders in the US and throughout the world clearly show that autism is not rare.然而，急剧增加自闭症的疾病在美国和世界各地清楚地表明，孤独症的情况并不罕见。
Keep in mind that changes in how autism is diagnosed, changes in what is considered autism, and changes in how autism cases are reported could account for some of the increases in the number of cases reported.请记住，改变自闭症是如何诊断的变化，考虑什么是孤独症，并如何改变自闭症病例报告会帐户的一些人数增加的案件。
Who usually gets autism? 谁通常得到自闭症？
Current figures show that autism occurs in all racial, ethnic, and social groups.目前的数字表明，孤独症发生在所有种族，民族和社会群体。 These statistics also show that boys are three-to-four times more likely to be affected by autism than girls are.这些统计数字还表明，男孩三至四倍更有可能受影响的自闭症比女孩。 In addition, if a family has one child with autism, there is a 5-to-10 percent chance that the family will have another child with autism.此外，如果一个家庭有一个儿童孤独症，有5到百分之十的机会，家庭将有一个孩子与孤独症。 In contrast, if a family does not have a child with autism, there is only a 0.1-to-0.2 percent chance that the family will have a child with autism.相反，如果一个家庭没有一个儿童孤独症，只有0.1至百分之0.2的机会，家庭将有一个儿童孤独症。
When do people usually show signs of autism? 当这样的人通常有迹象显示自闭症？
In most cases, the symptoms of autism are measurable by certain screening tools at 18 months of age.在大多数情况下，自闭症患者的症状是衡量某些筛检工具在18个月的年龄。 However, parents and experts in autism treatment can usually detect symptoms before this time.然而，家长和专家的自闭症治疗，通常可以发现症状之前，这个时候。 In general, a formal diagnosis of autism can be made when a child is two, but is usually made when a child is between two and three, when he or she has a noticeable delay in developing language skills.一般来说，一个正式的诊断自闭症，可当一个孩子是两个，但通常是在孩子两至三年，当他或她有明显的延迟在发展语言技能。
Recent studies show that at least 20 percent of children with autism experienced a “regression,” as reported by their parents.最近的研究表明，至少有百分之二十的自闭症儿童经历了“回归” ，报告他们的父母。 This means that the children had a mostly normal development, but then had a loss of social or communication skills.这意味着，儿童大多有正常的发展，但当时的损失社会或沟通技巧。 To date, however, there is little information about this type of regression, such as the age it seems to start, how severe it is, and what, if anything, triggers it.然而，到目前为止，没有多少了解这种类型的回归，如年龄，似乎开始，如何严重的是，什么，如果有的话，会触发它。
In 2000, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) at the National Academy of Sciences, at the request of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the NIH, began a review of all the evidence related to the measles/mumps/rubella (MMR) vaccine and autism.在2000年，医学研究所（组织）在国家科学院的请求，在疾病控制中心和预防（中心）和美国国立卫生研究院，开始审查所有的证据有关的麻疹/腮腺炎/风疹（孕产妇死亡率）疫苗与孤独症。 This independent panel looked at completed studies, ongoing studies, and published medical and scientific papers, and heard testimony from experts on vaccines, autism, and digestive disorders to determine whether or not there was a link between autism and the MMR vaccine.这个独立调查小组研究完成的研究报告，正在进行研究，并出版医疗和科研论文，并听取了专家的证词疫苗，自闭症，和消化道疾病，以确定是否有自闭症之间的联系和MMR疫苗。 The IOM concluded that the evidence it reviewed does not support a link between autism and the MMR vaccine.该组织得出的结论是证据审查不支持孤独症之间的联系和MMR疫苗。 This and other conclusions from the IOM review were released in April 2001.这和其他结论，组织审查被释放在2001年4月。
The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recently held a conference on the MMR vaccine and autism.美国儿科学会（澳联社）最近举行了一次会议上MMR疫苗和孤独症。 Parents, scientists, and practitioners presented information on this topic to a multidisciplinary panel of experts.家长，科学家和医生介绍了关于这一主题的多学科专家小组。 Based on its review, the AAP also found that the available evidence does not support the theory that the MMR vaccine causes or contributes to autism or related disorders.根据审查，澳联社还发现，现有的证据并不支持这一理论的MMR疫苗造成或促成自闭症或相关的疾病。
Because there is no proven data to suggest a link between autism and vaccines, the National Immunization Program at the CDC, along with the AAP and the American Academy of Family Physicians, suggest that parents follow the recommended childhood immunization schedule that is published every year.由于没有证明的数据表明，孤独症之间的联系和疫苗，国家免疫规划的中心，随着澳联社和美国儿科学院的家庭医生，建议家长依照建议儿童免疫计划是每年出版。
The CPEA Network, funded by the NICHD and the NIDCD with additional funding from the CDC, is working to study autism and its relation to the MMR vaccine.网络的CPEA的资助下， NICHD和NIDCD额外的资金来自疾病控制和预防中心正致力于研究孤独症及其与MMR疫苗。 CPEA researchers will compare vaccination records of groups of people with autism, to those who do not have autism, to see if the onset of autism symptoms was associated with getting the MMR vaccine or other vaccines. CPEA研究人员将比较接种记录的人群患有自闭症，这些谁没有自闭症，看看是否出现自闭症的症状与获得MMR疫苗或其他疫苗。 Lab tests in this study will also look for any signs of persistent infections that could be related to the MMR vaccine.实验室测试在本研究中也将寻找任何迹象，持续感染，可与MMR疫苗。
Do all people with autism have the same symptoms? 所有的自闭症患者有相同的症状？
Autism is a complex disorder that affects people differently.自闭症是一种复杂的疾病，影响人不同。 Because people with autism have a lot of similarities and differences, doctors now think of autism as a “spectrum” disorder; so rather than being just one condition, autism is a group of conditions with a range of similar features.由于自闭症患者有很多相似点和不同点，医生们现在认为孤独症是一个“谱”障碍;如此，而不是只有一个条件，自闭症是一组条件与一系列类似的功能。 Doctors use the term “autism spectrum disorder (ASD)” to describe people with mild symptoms, severe symptoms, or symptoms that fall anywhere in between.医生使用“自闭症谱系障碍（房间隔缺损） ”来形容人轻度症状，严重的症状，或症状属于之间的任何地方。
What conditions are included in the autism spectrum disorder (ASD) category? 什么样的条件包括在自闭症谱系障碍（房间隔缺损）类？
Currently, ASD includes:目前，房间隔缺损包括：
• Autistic disorder (sometimes called “classic” autism) •自闭症障碍（有时也称为“经典”自闭症）
• Asperger syndrome • Asperger综合征
• Childhood disintegrative disorder (CDD) •童年分解障碍（腹泻）
• Rett syndrome • Rett综合征
• Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDDNOS) or atypical autism •广泛性发育障碍若未另行指定（ PDDNOS ）或非典型自闭症
Depending on his or her specific symptoms, a person with autism can be in any one of these categories.根据他或她的具体症状，一个人与孤独症可在上述任何一个类别。
In 1999, NICHD-supported researchers identified the gene responsible for Rett syndrome, one of the conditions included in the ASD category.在1999年， NICHD支持的研究人员发现基因负责Rett综合征，其中一个条件包含在房间隔缺损的类别。 Rett syndrome occurs only in girls and causes them to develop autism-like symptoms after seemingly normal development. Rett综合征只发生在女孩和原因他们发展自闭症的症状后，看似正常发展。 This discovery could lead to improved detection, prevention, and treatment of Rett syndrome.这一发现可能导致改进了检测，预防和治疗Rett综合征。
Advances in detecting, preventing, and treating Rett syndrome may shed light on ways to understand and treat ASDs, including those aspects of ASD that may involve regression.进展侦查，预防和治疗Rett综合征可能揭示如何认识和对待ASDs ，包括那些方面的房间隔缺损可能涉及回归。
Are there any behaviors that signal a need for a doctor to evaluate a child for autism? 是否有任何信号的行为，需要有一个医生来评估儿童孤独症？
A doctor should definitely and immediately evaluate a child for autism if he or she:一名医生应该肯定，并立即评估儿童孤独症，如果他或她：
• Does not babble or coo by 12 months of age •不潺潺或首席运营官的12个月的年龄
• Does not gesture (point, wave, grasp, etc.) by 12 months of age •不手势（点，波浪，把握等）的12个月的年龄
• Does not say single words by 16 months of age •没有说单字的16个月的年龄
• Does not say two-word phrases on his or her own (rather than just repeating what someone says to him or her) by 24 months of age •不说，两名字词组对他或她自己的（而不是仅仅重复有人说他或她）的24个月的年龄
• Has any loss of any language or social skill at any age •有任何损失的任何语言或社交技巧在任何年龄
Are there other things that might be signs of autism? 是否还有其他的东西可能是孤独症的迹象？
There are a number of things that parents, teachers, and others who care for children can look for to determine if a child needs to be evaluated for autism.有一些东西，家长，教师，和其他人谁照顾子女可以查找，以确定如果一个孩子需要评价的孤独症。 The following “red flags” could be signs that a doctor should evaluate a child for autism or a related communication disorder.下面的“红旗”可迹象表明，医生应评估儿童孤独症或相关的通信障碍。
“Red Flags” include... “红旗”包括...
• The child does not respond to his/her name. •儿童没有回应他/她的名字。
• The child cannot explain what he/she wants. •儿童不能解释什么是他/她想要的。
• Language skills or speech are delayed. •语言技能或讲话被推迟。
• The child doesn’t follow directions. •孩子不遵循的方向。
• At times, the child seems to be deaf. •有时，孩子似乎是聋子。
• The child seems to hear sometimes, but not others. •这孩子似乎听到有时，但不是其他人。
• The child doesn’t point or wave bye-bye. •儿童不点或波再见。
• The child used to say a few words or babble, but now he/she doesn’t. •儿童用讲几句话或潺潺，但现在他/她没有。
• The child throws intense or violent tantrums. •儿童罚球激烈的或暴力发脾气。
• The child has odd movement patterns. •这孩子奇怪的运动模式。
• The child is hyperactive, uncooperative, or oppositional. •孩子是多动，不合作，或对立。
• The child doesn’t know how to play with toys. •孩子不知道如何玩玩具。
• The child doesn’t smile when smiled at. •孩子不微笑时微笑。
• The child has poor eye contact. •儿童已穷人目光接触。
• The child gets “stuck” on things over and over and can’t move on to other things. •儿童得到“卡”的事情，多不能放在其它事情上。
• The child seems to prefer to play alone. •孩子似乎更喜欢独自发挥。
• The child gets things for him/herself only. •儿童能把事情对他/她只。
• The child is very independent for his/her age. •儿童是非常独立的他/她的年龄。
• The child does things “early” compared to other children. •孩子做的事“提前”相对于其他儿童。
• The child seems to be in his/her “own world.” •孩子似乎是他/她“自己的世界。 ”
• The child seems to tune people out. •儿童似乎调人。
• The child is not interested in other children. •孩子是不感兴趣的其他儿童。
• The child walks on his/her toes. •孩子走在他/她的脚趾。
• The child shows unusual attachments to toys, objects, or schedules (ie, always holding a string or having to put socks on before pants). •儿童节目不寻常的附件玩具，物件，或时间表（即，总是举行一个字符串或把袜子之前的裤子） 。
• Child spends a lot of time lining things up or putting things in a certain order. •儿童花费大量的时间来排队的事情或把事情在一定秩序。
When should a doctor evaluate a child for autism? 当医生应评估儿童孤独症？
Doctors should do a “developmental screening” at every well-baby and well-child visit, through the preschool years.医生应该做的是“发育筛查”在每一个良好的婴儿和儿童的访问，通过几年的学前班。 In this screening, the doctor asks questions related to normal development that allow him or her to measure a specific child’s development.在此检查，医生询问有关问题的正常发展，使他或她来衡量一个特定儿童的发展。 These questions are often more specific versions of the “red flags” listed on the previous page, such as Does the child cuddle like other children?这些问题往往是更具体的版本的“红旗”上市的前一页，如是否有孩子拥抱像其他孩子吗？ Or, Does the child direct your attention by holding up objects for you to see?或者，是否有儿童直接请你注意召开的物体你明白吗？ The doctor will also ask if the child has any features that were listed earlier as definite signs for evaluation for autism.医生也将要求如果孩子有任何功能，前面列出了明确的迹象作为评价为孤独症。
If the doctor finds that a child either has definite signs of autism, or has a high number of red flags, he or she will send the child to a specialist in child development or another type of health care professional, so the child can be tested for autism.如果医生认为，孩子要么具有一定的迹象自闭症，或有大量的红旗，他或她将孩子专门在儿童发展或另一种类型的专业医务人员，所以孩子可以进行测试为孤独症。 The specialist will rule out other disorders and use tests specific to autism.该专家将排除其他疾病的试验和使用的具体孤独症。 Then he or she will decide whether a formal diagnosis of autism, ASD, or another disorder is appropriate.然后，他或她将决定是否正式诊断自闭症，房间隔缺损，或另一障碍是适当的。
Is there a cure for autism? 是否有治愈孤独症？
To date, there is no cure for autism.迄今为止，没有任何治愈孤独症。 However, there are a number of treatments that can help people with autism and their families lead more normal lives.然而，有一些治疗方法，可以帮助自闭症患者和他们的家庭导致更多的正常生活。
Individualized, intense interventions that begin as early as possible give people with autism their best chance for progress.个性化，激烈的干预措施，尽早开始让人们与孤独症的最佳机会取得进展。 Doctors suggest starting these treatments before a child is two-and-a-half or three to get the best and most lasting results.医生建议治疗开始之前，这些儿童是两半或三年获得最佳和最持久的成果。 In some cases, treatment can help people with autism function at normal or near-normal levels.在某些情况下，待遇能帮助自闭症患者功能在正常或接近正常水平。
What are the treatments for autism? 什么是孤独症的治疗？
Many families of children and adults with autism are finding new hope from a variety of treatments for autism.许多家庭的儿童和成年人的孤独症找到新的希望从各种治疗孤独症。 The list below does not include all of the possible treatments for autism.下面的列表并不包括所有可能的治疗孤独症。 If you have a question about treatment, you should talk to a health care professional who specializes in caring for people with autism.如果您有疑问的待遇，你应该跟一个保健专业谁专门照顾自闭症患者。 Some treatments include:有些治疗方法包括：
• Individualized Education Programs (IEPs) are one effective way to prevent problem behaviors typically related to autism. •个性化教育计划（ IEPs ）是一个有效的途径，以防止问题行为通常孤独症有关。 IEPs involve a variety of interventions, including some of those mentioned below, and are designed to help a child or adult with autism to overcome his or her specific problems. IEPs涉及各种措施，其中包括一些下文提到的，旨在帮助儿童或成人自闭症患者，以克服他或她的具体问题。 Children with autism seem to respond very well to IEPs that are properly designed and systematically put into practice.自闭症儿童似乎反应很好IEPs是适当的设计和系统地付诸实践。
• Comprehensive Treatment Programs encompass a number of different theories about treating autism. •综合治疗程序包含了许多不同的理论，治疗孤独症。 These programs range from specific methods of learning, to applied behavior analysis, to reaching certain developmental goals.这些项目范围从具体方法的学习，以应用行为分析，达到一定的发展目标。 In general, children need to be in this type of program for 15-40 hours a week, for two years or more, to change their behaviors and prevent problems.一般而言，孩子需要这种类型的程序15-40小时，每周为两年或两年以上，以改变其行为和防止的问题。
• Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) generally focuses on reducing specific problem behaviors and teaching new skills. •应用行为分析（简称： ABA ）一般着重于减少特定问题的行为和教学新技能。 Recently, ABA programs have broadened their scope to include what to do before or between episodes of problem behaviors, in addition to what to do during or after these episodes.最近， ABA的计划已扩大其范围包括该怎么做之前或之间发生的问题行为，除了做什么期间或之后这些事件。 By showing children or adults with autism how to handle things like a change in schedule, furniture that has been moved, and meeting new people, ABA removes these situations as triggers for problem behaviors.通过展示的儿童或者成人自闭症患者如何处理这样的改变日程，家具，已移至，迎接新的人，脱落酸删除这些情况引发问题行为。
• Positive Behavioral Interventions and Support (PBS) is an approach that tries to increase positive behaviors, decrease problem behavior, and improve the child’s or adult’s lifestyle. •积极行为干预和支持（公共广播公司）是一个办法，试图增加的积极行为，减少问题行为，并改善儿童或成人的生活方式。 The PBS method looks at the interactions between people with autism, their environment, their behavior, and their learning processes to develop the best lifestyle for them.在公共电视网的方法着眼于人民之间的相互作用与孤独症，他们的环境，他们的行为，他们的学习过程，发展最好的为他们的生活方式。
• Medications can also be effective in improving the behavior or abilities of a person with autism. •药物还可以有效地改善行为或能力的人患有自闭症。 In general, these medications are called “psychoactive” because the drugs affect the brain of a person with autism.一般来说，这些药物被称为“精神” ，因为毒品影响脑的人患有自闭症。 Medication is often used to deal with a specific behavior, such as reducing self-injurious behavior, which may allow the person with autism to focus on other things, like learning.用药往往是用来处理特定的行为，如减少自伤行为，这可能使患有自闭症的人把重点放在其他的事情，比如学习。
Many people with autism have other, treatable conditions in addition to their autism.许多人与孤独症有其他的治疗方法，条件，除了其孤独症。 Sleep disorders, seizures, allergies, and digestive problems are common among those with autism, but these problems can often be treated with medication.睡眠障碍，癫痫，过敏，和消化系统的共同问题是那些患有自闭症，但这些问题往往可以用药物治疗。 Treatment for these conditions may not cure autism, but it can improve the quality-of-life for people who have autism and their families.治疗这些条件不能治愈孤独症，但它可以改善生活质量的人谁也孤独症和他们的家人。
What special services are available to a family with a child who has been diagnosed with autism? 有什么特殊的服务提供给一个家庭一个孩子谁被诊断患有自闭症？
According to Public Law 105-17: Individuals with Disabilities Act-IDEA (1997), the child’s primary care provider is required to refer the family to an early intervention service.根据公法105-17 ：个人与残疾人法案观念（ 1997年） ，儿童的初级保健提供商需要提及家庭早期干预服务。 In addition, children age three and older are entitled by law to a free and appropriate public education.此外，三岁儿童和老年人有权依法自由和适当的公共教育。 In some states, the law extends these services to all diagnosed children from birth to age three.在有些国家，法律延伸这些服务向所有诊断儿童从出生到三岁。
These services vary by state, but include special education and related services or treatment programs.这些服务由国家各不相同，但包括特殊教育和相关服务或处理程序。 If the child is under age three, the family should consult the zero-to-three service system in their community.如果孩子是3岁以下的，家庭应请教零至三年服务体系在自己的社区。 The local school district can provide services for a family if the child is three or older.当地的学区可以提供服务的家庭，如果孩子是三个或以上。 In either case, the local school district, the state education agency, and the local or state health departments should provide referrals for the necessary services.在这两种情况下，当地的学区，州教育机构，以及地方或州卫生部门应提供转介必要的服务。
The current service systems in many states are struggling to adjust to the increasing number of children diagnosed with autism.目前的服务系统在许多国家都在努力调整自己以适应越来越多的儿童罹患孤独症。 In many cases, however, the existing systems can’t provide the level of care that families of people with autism want for their child, teenager, or adult with autism.但是在许多情况下，现有的系统不能提供一级护理，家庭的人想与孤独症的儿童，少年，成人或与孤独症。 There are a number of parents’ organizations, both national and local, that can provide information about education and treatment services and how to get these services for a child.还有一些家长组织，国家和地方，可以提供有关的教育和治疗服务，以及如何获得这些服务的一个孩子。
Source: National Institutes of Health资料来源：美国国立卫生研究院 |
Autism 孤独症 
