Burns 伯恩斯
 Our protective armor, skin, is the largest organ in the body.我们的防护装甲，皮肤，是最大的器官在人体内。 But armor only, skin is not.但是，只有装甲，皮肤并非如此。 This highly dynamic network of cells, nerves, and blood vessels serves the body in diverse ways.这种高度动态网络的细胞，神经，血管和服务的机构在不同的方式。
Clearly, skin's protective function is paramount, providing internal organs and tissues with a physical barrier from the environment and the dangers therein: toxins, heat and cold, and disease-carrying microbes.显然，皮肤的保护作用是至关重要的，提供内部器官和组织的一种物理性屏障从环境和危险有：毒素，冷热，并传播疾病的微生物。 But skin also plays an important role in preserving fluid balance and in regulating body temperature and sensation.但是，皮肤也发挥了重要作用保存液平衡和调节体温和感受。 Nerves buried deep within skin allow us to sense the presence of potentially harmful invaders, such as bees.神经深埋在皮肤让我们感觉存在的潜在有害的入侵者，如蜜蜂。 Immune cells resident in skin help the body prevent and fight disease.驻地免疫细胞在皮肤帮助身体预防和打击的疾病。
For these reasons, the loss of skin due to burns or trauma can deal the body a severe blow, impairing or even eliminating the many vital functions this organ performs.由于这些原因，损失皮肤由于烧伤或外伤可以处理的尸体是一个严重打击，影响或什至消除了许多重要职能本机关执行。
Burns 伯恩斯
 Each year in the United States, 1.1 million burn injuries demand medical attention.每年在美国， 110万美元烧伤需求的医疗照顾。 Ten thousand people die every year of burn-related infections. 10万人每年死于烧伤有关的感染。 Tragically, many burn victims are children.可悲的是，许多烧伤受害者是儿童。 The good news is that, in recent years, survival statistics for serious burns have improved dramatically.好消息是，近年来，生存的统计数字严重烧伤有显着的改善。 Twenty years ago, for instance, burns covering half the body were routinely fatal. 20年前，例如，烧伤，覆盖全国一半身体经常被致命的。 Today, patients with burns encompassing 90 percent of their body surface can survive, albeit sometimes with permanent impairments.今天，烧伤患者百分之九十，包括他们的身体表面能够生存下去，尽管有时永久性损伤。
By funding basic research aimed at understanding how the body, especially skin, responds to burn- and trauma-related injury, the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) has played an important role in driving burn injury survival statistics upward.资助基础研究，旨在了解人体，特别是皮肤，回应烧伤和创伤有关的伤害，国家一般医学科学院（ NIGMS ）已发挥了重要作用，推动烧伤生存的统计数字上升。 Among the advances that have contributed directly to this public health benefit are discoveries of the importance of proper wound care, adequate nutrition, and infection control.其中进展，直接促成这一公共卫生利益的发现的重要性适当的伤口护理，充足的营养，及感染控制。 NIGMS-funded research has also led to the development of widely used commercially available skin-replacement products for the treatment of injury caused by severe burns. NIGMS资助的研究也导致了发展的广泛使用的商用皮肤替代产品用于治疗造成的损失，严重烧伤。 
Burn-induced skin loss affords bacteria and other microorganisms easy access to the warm, moist, nutrient-rich fluids that course through the body, while at the same time it provides a conduit for the rapid and dangerous loss of these fluids.烧伤引起的皮肤损失使细菌和其他微生物容易获得温暖，潮湿，营养丰富的液体通过课程的机构，同时它提供了一个渠道的快速和危险损失的这些液体。 Extensive blood loss can thrust a burn or trauma victim into shock, a life-threatening condition in which blood pressure plunges so low that vital organs--such as the brain, heart, and kidneys--simply cannot get enough blood (and thereby oxygen) to function.大量失血可主旨烧伤或创伤受害者休克，危及生命的条件，其中血压霍金如此之低，重要的器官-如脑，心，肾-根本无法获得足够的血液（从而氧气）的功能。 Hence, replenishing skin lost to severe burns is an urgent matter in the care of a burn patient.因此，补充皮肤失去了对严重烧伤是一个紧迫问题在照顾一个烧伤病人。 When a patient has lost 80 or 90 percent of the skin as a result of direct contact with scalding hot liquids, flames, harsh chemicals, electrical current, or nuclear radiation, two immediate tasks come to the fore.当病人已经失去了80或百分之九十的皮肤由于直接接触滚烫的热的液体，火焰，有害化学物质，电流，或核辐射，两个紧迫任务来前列。 First, a burn surgeon must surgically remove the burned skin, then the unprotected underlying tissue must be quickly covered.首先，必须烧伤外科手术移除皮肤烧伤，然后手无寸铁的根本组织必须迅速覆盖。 Two classes of biomaterials useful in covering the wound are laboratory-grown skin cells and artificial skin; the two are sometimes used in combination.两类有用的材料覆盖创面是实验室培养的皮肤细胞和人造皮肤;两个有时是组合使用。
Laboratory-Grown Skin Cells 实验室的皮肤细胞生长
In the mid-1980s, with a grant from NIGMS, Dr. Howard Green of Harvard Medical School conceived a method for growing a type of human skin cells called keratinocytes (which populate skin's upper, or epidermal, layer) outside of the body.在20世纪80年代中期，以赠款NIGMS ，绿色霍华德博士哈佛医学院的设想一种方法，越来越多类型的人体皮肤细胞角质形成细胞（其中填充皮肤上，或表皮，层）以外的机构。 Dr. Green's keratinocyte culture research paved the way for the method to proceed to commercialization.博士绿色的角质形成细胞培养的研究铺平了道路的方法进行商业化。
Growing cells in a laboratory, a technique called "culturing," can be a tricky business.生长细胞在实验室，技术所谓的“培养” ，可以是一个棘手的业务。 No general recipe exists: Every different cell type in the body requires a unique set of conditions, and some simply will not grow this way at all.没有一般的食谱是存在的：每个不同的细胞类型中的身体需要一套独特的条件，有些根本不会增加这种方式在所有。 The secret to Dr. Green's technique, in which he "seeded" human keratinocytes onto a layer of mouse-derived fibroblast (connective tissue) cells in a plastic culture dish, is derived from Mother Nature herself.秘密博士绿色的技术，他在“种子”人类角质形成细胞上有一层小鼠成纤维细胞（结缔组织细胞）在一个塑料培养皿，是来自大自然自己。 Presumably, the technique works because it mimics what happens in actual skin, whose lower layer, called the dermis, is composed predominantly of fibroblasts.据推测，该技术工程，因为它模仿会发生什么实际的皮肤，其下层，称为真皮，主要是由成纤维细胞。 The principle function of fibroblasts is to produce proteins called collagen and elastin that provide structure to skin.原则功能的成纤维细胞是产生所谓的胶原蛋白和弹性蛋白的结构，提供皮肤。 To ensure that the keratinocytes, not the fibroblast "feeder" cells, would multiply in his culture flask, Dr. Green first irradiated the fibroblasts so they would not continue to divide but would still pump out nutrients into the culture broth.为了确保角质形成细胞，成纤维细胞而不是“送”细胞，将在其繁殖文化瓶，绿头博士的成纤维细胞的照射，使他们不会继续分裂，但仍泵出营养成分的发酵液。 After several days in such an environment, the few starting keratinocytes grew into a sheet of epidermal-like tissue.经过数天在这样的环境中，少数开始角质形成细胞成长为一张表皮样组织。
The product that eventually resulted from Dr. Green's work, called Epicel™, is currently licensed by a company called Genzyme Tissue Repair (Cambridge, Massachusetts).该产品，最终导致博士绿色的工作，要求Epicel ™ ，目前正在授权一家名为组织修复因子（马萨诸塞州剑桥） 。 Epicel™ is used to treat deep wounds that require grafting (skin replacement), such as occurs with severe burns. Epicel ™是用来治疗严重创伤，需要移植术（皮肤更换） ，如发生严重烧伤。 However, since Epicel™ replaces the lost epidermal layer only, it works best in combination with something that restores the dermal layer of skin.然而，自Epicel ™取代失去的只是一层表皮，它的作品，结合最好的东西，恢复真皮层的皮肤。 Epicel™ is not an artificial skin, but rather a method in which new epidermis is "grown to order" in a laboratory from surgically harvested skin cells taken from an unburned area of the patient. Epicel ™是不是一种人造皮肤，而是一种方法，新的表皮是“成长为令”在实验室从手术收获的皮肤细胞来自一个地区的未燃尽的耐心。 Products like Epicel™ are termed "autologous" grafts, meaning that the source of the epidermal graft material is taken from skin of the same patient who receives it.产品，如Epicel ™被称为“自体”移植，这意味着源表皮移植材料取自皮肤相同的病人谁得到它。 (In contrast, the source of skin for an "allograft" is skin from another person, sometimes even a cadaver. Allografts offer only temporary cover, as they are quickly rejected by the patient's immune system.) （与此相反，皮肤来源的“移植”是皮肤免受他人，有时甚至是尸体。移植只能提供临时覆盖，因为他们正在迅速地拒绝了患者的免疫系统。 ）
Source: National Institute of General Medical Sciences资料来源：美国国立医学科学大会
Reviewed: February 2002综述： 2002年2月 |
Burns 伯恩斯 
