Chiropractic and Its Use in Treating Lower Back Pain 捏脊和使用的治疗下背痛
 Chiropractic is a form of health care that focuses on the relationship between the body's structure, primarily of the spine, and function.捏脊是一种形式的医疗保健，重点之间的关系，人体的结构，主要是脊柱和功能。 Doctors of chiropractic, who are also called chiropractors or chiropractic physicians, use a type of hands-on therapy called manipulation (or adjustment) as their core clinical procedure.脊骨疗法的医生，谁也称为脊或整脊医生，使用一种动手治疗所谓的操纵（或调整）作为其核心的临床程序。 While there are some differences in beliefs and approaches within the chiropractic profession, this Research Report will give you a general overview of chiropractic, discuss scientific research findings on chiropractic treatment for low-back pain, and suggest other sources of information.虽然有一些不同的信仰和办法内整脊专业，这个研究报告会给你一个总体脊骨疗法，讨论科研成果的脊骨疗法治疗下腰痛，并建议其他信息来源。 Terms that are linked are defined in the "Definitions" section of this report.术语的定义相联系的“定义”一节中的报告。
Key Points 要点
• Chiropractic is most often used to treat musculoskeletal conditions--problems with the muscles, joints, bones, and connective tissue such as cartilage, ligaments, and tendons. •捏脊是最常用于治疗肌肉骨骼条件-问题与肌肉，关节，骨骼，结缔组织，如软骨，韧带和肌腱。
• Research studies of chiropractic treatment for low-back pain have been of uneven quality and insufficient to allow firm conclusions. •研究报告脊骨疗法治疗下腰痛已不平衡的质量和不足，使公司的结论。 Nonetheless, the overall sense of the data is that for low-back pain, chiropractic treatment and conventional medical treatments are about equally helpful.尽管如此，整体意义上的数据是，低背痛，脊骨疗法治疗和常规治疗的同样是有益的。 It is harder to draw conclusions about the relative value of chiropractic for other clinical conditions.这是很难得出结论的相对价值的其他脊骨疗法的临床条件。
• The risk of experiencing complications from chiropractic adjustment of the low back appears to be very low. •危险的经历并发症，脊椎调整的腰背似乎非常低。 However, the risk appears to be higher for adjustment of the neck.然而，风险似乎更高调整的脖子上。
• It is important to inform all of your health care providers about any treatment that you are using or considering, including chiropractic. •重要的是要告诉所有的卫生保健提供者的任何待遇，您正在使用或考虑，包括脊椎。 This will help each provider make sure that all aspects of your health care are working together.这将有助于各供应商确保所有方面的卫生保健是一起工作。
1. 1 。 What is chiropractic? 脊骨疗法是什么？
The word "chiropractic" combines the Greek words cheir (hand) and praxis (action) and means "done by hand."单词“脊骨疗法”结合了希腊的话cheir （手）和实践（行动）和手段“所做的手。 ” Chiropractic is an alternative medical system and takes a different approach from conventional medicine in diagnosing, classifying, and treating medical problems.捏脊是另一种医疗制度，并采取不同的方式从传统医学的诊断，分类，和治疗的医疗问题。
What is conventional medicine?什么是传统医学？
Conventional medicine is medicine as practiced by holders of MD (Doctor of Medicine) or DO (Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine) degrees and by their allied health professionals, such as physical therapists, psychologists, and registered nurses.传统医学是医学实践的持有人，医学博士（医学博士）或溶解氧（博士骨科医学）学位和他们的专职医疗人员，如物理治疗师，心理学家，和注册护士。 Other terms for conventional medicine include allopathy; Western, mainstream, orthodox, and regular medicine; and biomedicine.其他条件包括传统医学对症疗法;西方，主流的，正统的，并经常医药和生物医学。
What is complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)? 什么是补充和替代医学（制造） ？
Health care practices and products that are not presently considered to be part of conventional medicine are called CAM.卫生保健的做法和产品，目前尚未被认为是传统医学被称为制造。 Complementary medicine is used together with conventional medicine.补充医疗一起使用的常规药品。 Alternative medicine is used in place of conventional medicine.替代医学是用来取代传统医学。
The basic concepts of chiropractic can be described as follows:基本概念的脊骨疗法可以被描述如下：
• The body has a powerful self-healing ability. •该机构具有强大的自我修复能力。
• The body's structure (primarily that of the spine) and its function are closely related, and this relationship affects health. •该机构的结构（主要是脊柱）和其职能是密切相关的，并且这种关系会影响健康。
• Chiropractic therapy is given with the goals of normalizing this relationship between structure and function and assisting the body as it heals. •捏脊疗法是考虑的目标这一关系正常化之间的结构和功能，并协助机构，因为它痊愈。
2. 2 。 What is the history of the discovery and use of chiropractic? 什么是历史的发现和使用的脊椎？
 Chiropractic is a form of spinal manipulation, which is one of the oldest healing practices.捏脊是一种形式的脊髓操纵，这是最古老的愈合做法。 Spinal manipulation was described by Hippocrates in ancient Greece.脊柱手法叙述了希波克拉底在古希腊。 In 1895, Daniel David Palmer founded the modern profession of chiropractic in Davenport, Iowa. 1895年，丹尼尔大卫帕莫创立了现代脊骨疗法专业的在达文波特，艾奥瓦。 Palmer was a self-taught healer and a student of healing philosophies of the day.帕尔默是一个自学成才的医生和学生思想愈合的一天。 He observed that the body has a natural healing ability that he believed was controlled by the nervous system.他指出，人体自然愈合的能力，他认为是控制的中枢神经系统。 He also believed that subluxations, or misalignments of the spine (a concept that had already existed in the bonesetter and osteopathic traditions), interrupt or interfere with this "nerve flow."他还认为， subluxations ，或失调脊柱（这个概念已经存在的接骨和骨科的传统） ，中断或干扰这种“神经流。 ” Palmer suggested that if an organ does not receive its normal supply of impulses from the nerves, it can become diseased.帕尔默建议说，如果一个机构没有得到正常供应的冲动来自神经，它可以成为患病。 This line of thinking led him to develop a procedure to "adjust" the vertebrae, the bones of the spinal column, with the goal of correcting subluxations.这种想法使他制定程序的“调整”的椎骨，骨脊柱，目标是纠正subluxations 。
Some chiropractors continue to view subluxation as central to chiropractic health care.一些脊继续认为脱位中央到脊椎保健。 However, other chiropractors no longer view the subluxation theory as a unifying theme in health and illness or as a basis for their practice.然而，其他脊不再认为脱位理论作为一个统一的主题在健康和疾病或作为基础，他们的做法。 Other theories as to how chiropractic might work have been developed.其他的理论是如何工作的脊椎可能已经制定出来。
3. 3 。 Who uses chiropractic and for what health problems? 谁在使用按摩疗法和什么健康问题？
In 1997, it was estimated that Americans made nearly 192 million visits a year to chiropractors.在1997年，据估计，美国人提出近1.92亿访问一年脊。 Over 88 million of those visits were to treat back or neck pain.超过88万人访问了治疗背部或颈部疼痛。 In one recent survey, more than 40 percent of patients receiving chiropractic care were being treated for back or low-back problems.在最近的一次调查显示，百分之四十以上的患者接受了脊椎护理正在接受治疗后或低背伤的困扰。 More than half of those surveyed said that their symptoms were chronic.超过一半的受访者说，他们的症状为慢性。 Conditions commonly treated by chiropractors include back pain, neck pain, headaches, sports injuries, and repetitive strains.条件一般治疗脊包括背痛，颈部疼痛，头痛，运动伤害，并重复株。 Patients also seek treatment of pain associated with other conditions, such as arthritis.病人还寻求治疗的痛苦与其他条件，如关节炎。
Low-back pain is a common medical problem, occurring in up to one-quarter of the population each year.下腰痛是一种常见的医疗问题，发生在行动四分之一的人口，每年。 Most people experience significant back pain at least once during their lifetime.8 Several recent reviews on low-back pain have noted that in most cases acute low-back pain gets better in several weeks, no matter what treatment is used.大多数人经历重大背部疼痛至少一次在其最近的几个lifetime.8审查下腰痛已经注意到，在大多数情况下，急性下腰痛得到更好的几个星期里，无论是用来治疗。 Often, the cause of back pain is unknown, and it varies greatly in terms of how people experience it and how professionals diagnose it.通常，事业的背部疼痛是未知的，它有很大不同方面的人们如何的经验，以及如何诊断专业人员。 This makes back pain challenging to study.这就使背部疼痛具有挑战性的研究。
4. 4 。 What kind of training do chiropractors receive? 什么样的培训做脊收到？
Chiropractic training is a 4-year academic program consisting of both classroom and clinical instruction (see box).捏脊的训练是一个4年的学术计划组成的课堂和临床教学（见方框） 。 At least 3 years of preparatory college work are required for admission to chiropractic schools.至少3年的筹备工作大学生所需要的接纳整脊学校。 Students who graduate receive the degree of Doctor of Chiropractic (DC) and are eligible to take state licensure board examinations in order to practice.谁毕业的学生获得博士学位捏脊（ DC ）和有资格采取国家证照考试委员会，以实践。 Some schools also offer postgraduate courses, including 2- to 3-year residency programs in specialized fields.一些学校还提供研究生课程，其中包括2 -3年的居留程序的专门领域。
Chiropractic Training 捏脊培训
Chiropractic training typically includes:捏脊的培训通常包括：
• Coursework in anatomy, physiology, microbiology, biochemistry, pathology, nutrition, public health, and many other subjects •课程在解剖学，生理学，微生物学，生物化学，病理学，营养，公共卫生，以及许多其他学科
• The principles and practice of chiropractic •原则和实践的脊骨疗法
• Research methods and procedures •研究方法和程序
• Direct experience in caring for patients •直拨经验，照顾病人
The Council on Chiropractic Education, an agency certified by the US Department of Education, is the accrediting body for chiropractic colleges in the United States.安理会就捏脊教育，认证机构由美国国务院教育，是认证机构的整脊学院在美国。
5. 5 。 What do chiropractors do in treating patients? 怎么做脊医治疗？
If you become a chiropractic patient, during your initial visit the chiropractor will take your health history.如果你成为一个脊椎病患，在你首次访问的脊椎将您的健康史。 He will perform a physical examination, with special emphasis on the spine, and possibly other examinations or tests such as x-rays.他将进行身体检查，特别是侧重于脊柱，以及可能的其他考试或测试，如X射线。 If he determines that you are an appropriate candidate for chiropractic therapy, he will develop a treatment plan.如果他断定你是一个适当的候选人为脊椎治疗，他将建立一个治疗计划。
When the chiropractor treats you, he may perform one or more adjustments.当脊椎对待你，他可以履行一项或多项调整。 An adjustment (also called a manipulation treatment) is a manual therapy, or therapy delivered by the hands.调整（也称为手法治疗）是一种手动治疗，或治疗所提供的手中。 Given mainly to the spine, chiropractic adjustments involve applying a controlled, sudden force to a joint.鉴于主要是脊椎，脊椎调整涉及运用控制，突发性武力的联合。 They are done to increase the range and quality of motion in the area being treated.他们这样做，增加的范围和质量的运动领域中正在接受治疗。 Other health care professionals--including physical therapists, sports medicine doctors, orthopedists, physical medicine specialists, doctors of osteopathic medicine, doctors of naturopathic medicine, and massage therapists--perform various types of manipulation.其他医护专业人员-包括物理治疗师，运动医学医生， o rthopedists，身体医学专家，医生，骨科医学，医生的自然医学，按摩治疗师-从事不同类型的操纵。 In the United States, chiropractors perform over 90 percent of manipulative treatments.在美国，脊椎治疗师执行百分之九十以上的手法治疗。
Most chiropractors use other treatments in addition to adjustment, such as mobilization, massage, and nonmanual treatments (see examples in the box).大多数脊使用其他治疗方法除了调整，如动员，按摩， nonmanual治疗（见例子框） 。
Examples of Nonmanual Chiropractic Treatments实例Nonmanual捏脊疗法
• Heat and ice •热和冰
• Ultrasound •超声
• Electrical stimulation •电刺激
• Rehabilitative exercise •康复工作
• Magnetic therapy •磁疗法
• Counseling about diet, weight loss, and other lifestyle factors •咨询有关饮食，体重减轻，和其他生活方式因素
• Dietary supplements •膳食补充剂
• Homeopathy •顺势疗法
• Acupuncture •针灸
6. 6 。 Have side effects or problems been reported from using chiropractic to treat back pain? 有副作用或问题的报道使用脊骨疗法治疗腰痛？
Patients may or may not experience side effects from chiropractic treatment.患者可以或不可以的经验副作用脊骨疗法治疗。 Effects may include temporary discomfort in parts of the body that were treated, headache, or tiredness.影响可能包括临时不适的身体部位的治疗，头痛，或疲劳。 These effects tend to be minor and to resolve within 1 to 2 days.这些影响往往是未成年人，并解决1至2天。
The rate of serious complications from chiropractic has been debated.率严重的并发症，从脊椎一直辩论。 There have been no organized prospective studies on the number of serious complications.目前还没有组织前瞻性研究的一些严重的并发症。 From what is now known, the risk appears to be very low.从现在已知的风险似乎非常低。 It appears to be higher for cervical-spine, or neck, manipulation (eg, cases of stroke have been reported).这似乎是子宫颈癌高，脊柱，或颈部，操纵（例如，例中风已报告） 。 The rare complication of concern from low-back adjustment is cauda equina syndrome, estimated to occur once per millions of treatments (the number of millions varies; one study placed it at 100 million).罕见的并发症的关注从低调整后马尾神经综合征，估计每发生一次数以百万计的治疗（人数以百万计不同;一项研究把它在100万美元） 。
For your safety, it is important to inform all of your health care providers about any care or treatments that you are using or considering, including chiropractic.为了您的安全，重要的是要告诉所有的卫生保健提供任何保健或治疗您正在使用或考虑，包括脊椎。 This is to help ensure a coordinated course of care (to find out more, see the NCCAM fact sheet " Selecting a Complementary and Alternative Practitioner").这将帮助确保协调一致的过程中照顾（以了解更多，请参阅NCCAM事实表“选择一个补充和替代医生” ） 。
7. 7 。 Does the government regulate chiropractic? 政府是否规范脊骨疗法？
Chiropractic practice is regulated individually by each state and the District of Columbia.捏脊的做法是单独调节每个州和哥伦比亚特区。 Most states require chiropractors to earn continuing education credits to maintain their licenses.大多数国家要求脊获得继续教育学分，以保持其许可证。 Chiropractors' scope of practice varies by state--including with regard to laboratory tests or diagnostic procedures, the dispensing or selling of dietary supplements, and the use of other CAM therapies such as acupuncture or homeopathy.脊'范围的做法各有不同的国家-包括有关实验室检验或诊断程序，配药或销售的膳食补充剂，以及利用其他制造疗法，如针灸或疗法。 Chiropractors are not licensed in any state to perform major surgery or prescribe drugs.脊没有授权任何国家在执行重大手术或处方药物。
In Oregon, chiropractors can become certified to perform minor surgery (such as stitching cuts) and to deliver children by natural childbirth.在俄勒冈，脊椎治疗师可以成为认证执行小手术（如缝纫削减） ，并提供儿童的自然分娩。
8. 8 。 Do health insurance plans pay for chiropractic treatment? 做健康保险计划支付脊骨疗法治疗？
Compared with CAM therapies as a whole (few of which are reimbursed), coverage of chiropractic by insurance plans is extensive.与制造疗法作为一个整体（少数有偿还） ，覆盖面脊骨疗法的保险计划是广泛的。 As of 2002, more than 50 percent of health maintenance organizations (HMOs), more than 75 percent of private health care plans, and all state workers' compensation systems covered chiropractic treatment.截至2002年，百分之五十以上的健康维护组织（保健组织） ，七成半以上的私营保健计划，所有国家对工人的赔偿制度覆盖脊骨疗法治疗。 Chiropractors can bill Medicare, and over two dozen states cover chiropractic treatment under Medicaid.脊可以法案医疗保险，以及20多个国家包括整脊医疗补助待遇。
If you have health insurance, check whether chiropractic care is covered before you seek treatment.如果您有医疗保险，检查是否脊椎保健覆盖，然后再寻求治疗。 Your plan may require care to be approved in advance, limit the number of visits covered, and/or require that you use chiropractors within its network (read more in the NCCAM fact sheet "Consumer Financial Issues in Complementary and Alternative Medicine").你的计划可能需要照顾的事先批准，限制访问的次数范围，和/或要求您使用脊在其网络（阅读更多的NCCAM的概况介绍“消费金融问题的补充和替代医学” ） 。
9. 9 。 What has scientific research found out about whether chiropractic works for low-back pain? 有什么科学研究发现，是否整脊工程下腰痛？
For this report, the results of individual clinical trials and reviews of groups of clinical trials were examined.对于这份报告的结果，个别的临床试验和审查组的临床试验进行了审查。 Sources were drawn from the National Library of Medicine's PubMed database; were published in English; and studied chiropractic techniques that were identified as such (eg, "chiropractic manipulation") rather than some other forms of "manipulation" or "spinal manipulation therapy"--which, as noted above, may be delivered by certain other health care providers.来源取自国立医学图书馆的PubMed的数据库;出版了英文;和研究整脊技术，被确定为此类（例如， “整脊手法” ） ，而不是一些其他形式的“操纵”或“脊柱手法治疗” - ，其中，如上所述，可能是由某些其他卫生保健提供者。
Clinical Trials 临床试验
A clinical trial is a research study in which a treatment or therapy is tested in people to see whether it is safe and effective.临床试验是一项研究，其中一种治疗或治疗是检验人们看到它是否是安全有效的。 Clinical trials are a key part of the process in finding out which treatments work, which do not, and why.临床试验的一个重要组成部分的过程中找出其中的治疗工作，不这样做，以及为什么。 Clinical trial results also contribute new knowledge about diseases and medical conditions.临床试验结果还有助于了解新的疾病和医疗条件。 To find out more, see NCCAM's fact sheet "About Clinical Trials and Complementary and Alternative Medicine."要了解更多信息，见NCCAM的实况报道“关于临床试验和补充和替代医学。 ”
So far, the scientific research on chiropractic and low-back pain has focused on if, and how well, chiropractic care helps in relieving pain and other symptoms that people have with low-back pain.到目前为止，科学研究脊椎和下腰痛的重点，如果，以及如何好，脊椎护理有助于缓解疼痛和其他症状，人与下腰痛。 This research often compares chiropractic to other treatments.这项研究往往比较脊骨疗法其他治疗方法。
Research studies 研究报告
Summary of the research findings综述研究结果
The studies all found at least some benefit to the participants from chiropractic treatment.所有的研究发现至少有一些有利于学员脊骨疗法治疗。 However, in six of the eight studies, chiropractic and conventional treatments were found to be similar in effectiveness.然而，在6个八份研究报告，脊骨疗法和传统疗法被认为是类似的效力。 One trial found greater improvement in the chiropractic group than in groups receiving either sham manipulation or back school.试验发现一个更大的改善脊骨疗法组的团体要么接受假操纵或回学校。 Another trial found treatment at a chiropractic clinic to be more effective than outpatient hospital treatment.另一个试验发现在治疗诊所脊骨疗法更有效比门诊住院治疗。
Summary of the research findings综述研究结果
Overall, the evidence was seen as weak and less than convincing for the effectiveness of chiropractic for back pain.总之，证据被看作是软弱，不太令人信服的效力脊椎的背部疼痛。 Specifically, the 1996 systematic review reported that there were major quality problems in the studies analyzed; for example, statistics could not be effectively combined because of missing and poor-quality data.具体来说， 1996年系统的审查报告，有重大质量问题的研究分析，例如，统计数据无法得到有效结合，因为失踪和质量差的数据。 The review concludes that the data "did not provide convincing evidence for the effectiveness of chiropractic."这次审查的结论是，数据“并没有提供令人信服的证据效力的脊椎。 ” The 2003 general review states that since the 1996 systematic review, emerging trial data "have not tended to be encouraging…. The effectiveness of chiropractic spinal manipulation for back pain is thus at best uncertain." 2003年一般性审查指出，自1996年有系统地审查，新兴的试验数据“没有往往是令人鼓舞的... 。的有效性脊椎脊柱手法背部疼痛，因此最好不确定性。 ” The 2003 meta-analysis found spinal manipulation to be more effective than sham therapy but no more or no less effective than other treatments. 2003年的荟萃分析发现脊髓操纵目的是更有效地比假治疗，但没有更多的或不高于其他有效的治疗方法。
Several other points are helpful to keep in mind about the research findings.其他几个点，有利于牢记的研究结果。 Many clinical trials of chiropractic analyze the effects of chiropractic manipulation alone, but chiropractic practice includes more than manipulation (see Question 5).许多临床试验分析脊骨疗法的效果整脊手法，而是脊椎的做法包括超过操纵（见问题5 ） 。 Results of a trial performed in one setting (such as a managed care organization or a chiropractic college) may not completely apply in other settings.And, researchers have observed that the placebo effect may be at work in chiropractic care, as in other forms of health care.结果进行审判在一个设定（如管理式医疗组织或整脊学院）可能无法完全适用于其他settings.And ，研究人员指出，安慰剂效应可能会在工作中脊椎护理，其他形式的保健。
10. 10 。 Are there scientific controversies associated with chiropractic? 是否有相关的科学争论与脊骨疗法？
Yes, there are scientific controversies about chiropractic, both inside and outside the profession.是的，有科学争论的脊骨疗法，内外的专业。 For example, within the profession, there have been disagreements about the use of physical therapy techniques, which techniques are most appropriate for certain conditions, and the concept of subluxations.例如，在专业，有分歧，对使用物理治疗技术，技术是最适合于某些条件下，和概念subluxations 。 Outside views have questioned the effectiveness of chiropractic treatments, their scientific basis, and the potential risks in subsets of patients (for example, the risks of certain types of adjustments to patients with osteoporosis or risk factors for osteoporosis, compared to patients with healthier bone structures).外部意见的有效性提出质疑脊骨疗法治疗，其科学基础和潜在风险群的病人（例如，风险的某些种类的调整，骨质疏松症患者或危险因素的骨质疏松症，而患者的骨结构更健康） 。
Research studies on chiropractic are ongoing.研究脊椎研究正在进行中。 The results are expected to expand scientific understanding of chiropractic.结果预计将扩大在科学上了解脊骨疗法。 A key area of research is the basic science of what happens in the body (including its cells and nerves) when specific chiropractic treatments are given.一个重要的研究领域是基础科学发生的事情的机构（包括其细胞和神经）在特定的脊骨疗法给予治疗。
11. 11 。 Is NCCAM funding research on chiropractic? NCCAM的资金是研究整脊？
Yes.是。 For example, recent projects supported by NCCAM include:例如，最近所支持的项目NCCAM包括：
• Comparing conventional medical care for acute back pain with an "expanded benefits" package (consisting of conventional care plus a choice of chiropractic, massage, or acupuncture) •比较传统的医疗保健治疗急性下背痛的“扩大福利”包（包括常规护理加选择的脊骨疗法，按摩，或针灸）
• Finding out what happens (through measurement) in the lumbar portion of the spine after chiropractic positioning and adjustment •找准发生的事情（通过测量）在腰的部分后，脊椎脊柱定位和调整
• Evaluating the effects of the speed of spinal adjustment on muscles and nerves •评价的影响，速度的调整对脊髓肌肉和神经
• Studying the effectiveness of chiropractic adjustment for a variety of conditions, including neck pain, chronic pelvic pain, and temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in the jaw •学习的有效性整脊调整的各种条件，包括颈部疼痛，慢性盆腔疼痛，以及颞下颌关节紊乱病（ TMD ）的在下巴
Source: National Institutes of Health资料来源：美国国立卫生研究院
Updated: November 2003更新时间： 2003年11月
Definitions 定义
Acupuncture: A health care practice that originated in traditional Chinese medicine.针灸：一种保健的做法，源于中国的传统医学。 Acupuncture involves inserting needles at specific points on the body, in the belief that this will help improve the flow of the body's energy (or qi, pronounced "chee") and thereby help the body achieve and maintain health.针灸针插入涉及在特定点的机构，相信这将有助于改善流动身体的能量（或气，发音为“慈” ） ，从而帮助机构实现和保持健康。
Acute pain: Pain that has lasted a short time (eg, less than 3 weeks) or is severe.急性疼痛：疼痛已持续很短的时间（例如，不到3周）或十分严重。
Alternative medical system: Medical systems that are built upon complete systems of theory and practice and often have evolved apart from and earlier than the conventional medical approach used in the United States.另类医疗体系：医疗制度，是建立在完整的系统的理论和实践往往演变除了和以前比传统的医疗方法在美国使用。 An example from a Western culture is naturopathic medicine; from a non-Western culture, traditional Chinese medicine.一个例子从一个西方文化的自然医学;从非西方文化，传统中国医学。
Bonesetter: A health care practitioner (not necessarily a licensed physician) whose occupation is setting fractured or dislocated bones.接骨：一个保健医生（不一定有执照的医生）的占领是建立脱臼骨折或骨头。
Cauda equina syndrome: A syndrome that occurs when the nerves of the cauda equina (a bundle of spinal nerves extending beyond the end of the spinal cord) are compressed and damaged.马尾综合征：一种综合征时发生神经的马尾（捆绑的脊髓神经延长结束后脊髓）的压缩和损坏。 Symptoms include leg weakness; loss of bowel, bladder, and/or sexual functions; and changes in sensation around the rectum or genitalia.症状包括腿部的弱点;损失的肠，膀胱癌，和/或性职能;和变化，感觉周围的直肠或生殖器。
Chronic pain: Pain that has lasted a long time (more than 3 months).慢性疼痛：疼痛已持续很长一段时间（ 3个月以上） 。
Clinical trial: A clinical trial is a research study in which a treatment or therapy is tested in people to see whether it is safe and effective.临床试验：临床试验是一项研究，其中一种治疗或治疗是检验人们看到它是否是安全有效的。 Clinical trials are a key part of the process in finding out which treatments work, which do not, and why.临床试验的一个重要组成部分的过程中找出其中的治疗工作，不这样做，以及为什么。 Clinical trial results also contribute new knowledge about diseases and medical conditions.临床试验结果还有助于了解新的疾病和医疗条件。
Complication: A secondary disease or condition that develops in the course of a primary disease or condition, or as the result of a treatment.并发症：一个中学的疾病或情况，开发过程中的一个主要疾病或条件，或由于治疗。
Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group.对照临床试验：临床研究，其中包括一个比较（对照组） 。 The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all.对照组接受安慰剂，另一种治疗，或根本没有治疗。
General review: An analysis in which information from various studies is summarized and evaluated; conclusions are made based on this evidence.大会审查：分析的信息从各种研究的总结和评价;结论的基础上提出这方面的证据。
Hippocrates: A Greek physician born in 460 BC who became known as the founder of Western medicine.希波克拉底：希腊医生出生于公元前460谁被称为创始人西药。
Homeopathy: Also known as homeopathic medicine.顺势疗法：又称为顺势疗法药品。 It is an alternative medical system that was invented in Germany.这是一种替代性的医疗制度是在德国发明的。 In homeopathic treatment, there is a belief that "like cures like," meaning that small, highly diluted quantities of medicinal substances are given to cure symptoms, when the same substances given at higher or more concentrated doses would actually cause those symptoms.在顺势疗法的治疗，有一个信念，即“像治疗一样” ，这意味着，小，高度稀释量的药用物质给予症状治疗，当相同的物质给予较高或较集中的剂量实际上将导致这些症状。
Manipulation: Passive joint movement beyond the normal range of motion.操作：被动关节活动超出正常范围的议案。 The term adjustment is preferred in chiropractic.在长期的调整是首选的脊骨疗法。
Massage: A therapy in which muscle and connective tissue are manipulated to enhance function of those tissues and promote relaxation and well-being.按摩：一种治疗的肌肉和结缔组织的操纵，以加强这些功能的组织和促进放松和福祉。
Meta-analysis: A type of research review that uses statistical techniques to analyze results from a collection of individual studies. Meta分析： A型的研究审查，利用统计技术分析结果，收集的个人研究。
Mobilization: A technique, used by chiropractors and other health care professionals, in which a joint is passively moved within its normal range of motion.动员：一种技术，使用的脊和其他医护专业人员，其中联合是被动的动议在其正常范围内的议案。
Myofascial therapy: A type of physical therapy that uses stretches and massage.肌筋膜疗法：一种物理疗法，利用延伸和按摩。
Naturopathic medicine: Also known as naturopathy.自然医学：又称为自然。 It is an alternative medical system in which practitioners work with natural healing forces within the body, with a goal of helping the body heal from disease and attain better health.这是一个替代医疗制度，从业人员的工作与自然愈合部队在机构，目标是帮助身体疾病和达到更好的健康。 Practices may include dietary modifications, massage, exercise, acupuncture, minor surgery, and various other interventions.做法可能包括调整饮食，按摩，运动，针灸，小手术，以及其他各种干预措施。
Observational study: A type of study in which individuals are observed or certain outcomes are measured.观察研究：一种类型的研究中观察到的个人或某些测量结果。 No attempt is made to affect the outcome (for example, no treatment is given).任何试图影响的结果（例如，没有给出治疗） 。
Orthopedist: Doctor of Medicine (MD) who is a surgeon specializing in disorders of the musculoskeletal system.整形外科：医学博士（医学博士）谁是外科专业疾病的肌肉骨骼系统。
Osteopathic medicine: Also known as osteopathy.骨科医学：又称为骨病。 It is a form of conventional medicine that, in part, emphasizes diseases arising in the musculoskeletal system.这是一个形式的传统医学，在一部分，强调疾病引起的肌肉骨骼系统。 There is an underlying belief that all of the body's systems work together, and disturbances in one system may affect function elsewhere in the body.有一个基本信念，即所有机构的系统一起工作，和骚乱在一个系统中可能会影响其他地方的职能机构。 Most osteopathic physicians practice osteopathic manipulation, a full-body system of hands-on techniques to alleviate pain, restore function, and promote health and well-being.大多数骨科医生的做法骨科操纵，充分体系统的操作技巧，以减轻疼痛，恢复功能，促进健康和福祉。
Osteoporosis: A reduction in the amount of bone mass, which can lead to breaking a bone after a minor injury, such as a fall.骨质疏松症：减少的数额为骨量，从而导致了一根骨头后，小伤，如下降。
Placebo: Resembles a treatment being studied in a clinical trial, except that the placebo is inactive.安慰剂：类似于一种治疗正在研究一项临床试验，但服用安慰剂的是无效的。 One example is a sugar pill.一个例子是糖丸。 By giving one group of participants a placebo and the other group the active treatment, the researchers can compare how the two groups respond and get a truer picture of the active treatment's effects.让一组服用安慰剂参与者和其他组织的积极治疗，因此研究人员可以比较如何两组回应，获得真实的积极治疗的效果。 In recent years, the definition of placebo has been expanded to include other things that could affect the results of health care, such as how a patient feels about receiving the care and what she expects to happen from it.近年来，服用安慰剂的定义已经扩大到包括其他东西，可能会影响结果的保健，如如何对病人感觉接受护理和她预计，从它发生。
Prospective study: A type of research study in which participants are followed over time for the effect(s) of a health care treatment.前瞻性研究：一种类型的研究，参与者是经过一段时间之后的效果（ s ）的医疗待遇。
Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group.随机临床试验：研究中的参加者分配的机会，单独组，比较不同的治疗方法;既不是研究人员也参与可以选择组。 Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively.利用机会，指派人民团体指组将类似的，而且他们得到的治疗可以比较客观。 At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best.在审判时，不知道这是最好的治疗。 It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial.这是病人的选择是在随机试验。
Review: See general review, systematic review, or meta-analysis.综述：见一般审查，系统的审查，或荟萃分析。
Sham: A treatment or device that is a type of placebo.深水：一种待遇或设备，是一种安慰剂。 An example would be positioning the patient's body and placing the chiropractor's hands in a way that mimics an actual treatment, but is not a treatment.一个例子是定位，病人的身体，并把脊椎手中的方式，模拟实际的待遇，但不是治疗。
Subacute pain: Pain that has lasted somewhat longer than acute pain (for example, more than a few days or weeks) but is not yet chronic pain.亚急性疼痛：疼痛已持续多少时间比急性疼痛（例如，超过数天或数周） ，但尚未慢性疼痛。
Systematic review: A type of research review in which data from a set of studies on a particular question or topic are collected, analyzed, and critically reviewed.系统性综述： A型的研究审查，其中数据从一组研究对某一特定问题或专题收集，分析，并严格审查。
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Chiropractic - Lower Back Pain 捏脊-下背痛