Colon and Rectal Cancer 结肠癌和直肠癌
 Cancer affects our cells, the body's basic unit of life.癌症影响到我们的细胞，人体的基本单位的生活。 To understand cancer, it is helpful to know what happens when normal cells become cancerous.要了解癌症，它是能够知道会发生什么时，正常细胞发生癌变。
The body is made up of many types of cells.该机构是由许多类型的细胞。 Normally, cells grow, divide, and produce more cells as they are needed to keep the body healthy and functioning properly.通常情况下，细胞生长，分化，并产生更多的细胞因为他们需要保持身体健康和正常运作。 Sometimes, however, the process goes astray -- cells keep dividing when new cells are not needed.但是，有时的过程就会误入歧途-细胞继续分裂新细胞时，并不需要。 The mass of extra cells forms a growth or tumor.大众额外的细胞形成了一个增长或肿瘤。 Tumors can be either benign or malignant.肿瘤可以是良性或恶性。
• Benign tumors are not cancer. •良性肿瘤不是癌症。 They often can be removed and, in most cases, they do not come back.他们常常可以去掉，在大多数情况下，他们不回来了。 Cells in benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body.细胞的良性肿瘤不会扩散到身体的其他部位。 Most important, benign tumors are rarely a threat to life.最重要的是，良性肿瘤很少威胁到生命。
• Malignant tumors are cancer. •恶性肿瘤是癌症。 Cells in malignant tumors are abnormal and divide without control or order.细胞在恶性肿瘤和异常分裂的控制或命令。 These cancer cells can invade and destroy the tissue around them.这些癌细胞可入侵和破坏周围组织。 Cancer cells can also break away from a malignant tumor.癌细胞也可以摆脱恶性肿瘤。 They may enter the bloodstream or lymphatic system (the tissues and organs that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease).他们可以进入血液或淋巴系统（组织和器官，生产和储存细胞，抗感染和疾病） 。 This process, called metastasis, is how cancer spreads from the original (primary) tumor to form new (secondary) tumors in other parts of the body.这个过程中，所谓的转移，是癌症扩散如何从原始（初级）肿瘤形成新的（中学）肿瘤在身体的其它部位。
 The Colon and Rectum 在结肠和直肠
The colon and rectum are parts of the body's digestive system, which removes nutrients from food and stores waste until it passes out of the body.在结肠和直肠的部分身体的消化系统，从而从食物养分和商店的废物，直到通过了身体。 Together, the colon and rectum form a long, muscular tube called the large intestine (also called the large bowel).总之，结肠和直肠形成一个长期，肌肉管称为大（也称为大肠癌） 。 The colon is the first 6 feet of the large intestine, and the rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches.结肠癌是第一个6英尺的大小肠，直肠和是去年8至10英寸。
Understanding Colorectal Cancer 了解大肠癌
Cancer that begins in the colon is called colon cancer, and cancer that begins in the rectum is called rectal cancer.癌症，首先在被称为结肠直肠癌，和癌症，首先在直肠被称为直肠癌。 Cancers affecting either of these organs may also be called colorectal cancer.癌症的影响这两个机构还可以被称为大肠癌。
Colorectal Cancer: Who's at Risk? 大肠癌：谁的风险？
The exact causes of colorectal cancer are not known.确切的原因，大肠癌是不知道。 However, studies show that the following risk factors increase a person's chances of developing colorectal cancer:然而，研究表明，以下风险因素增加一个人的发展机会大肠癌：
• Age. •时代。 Colorectal cancer is more likely to occur as people get older.大肠癌是更有可能发生，因为人们变老。 This disease is more common in people over the age of 50.这种疾病是较常见的人50岁以上。 However, colorectal cancer can occur at younger ages, even, in rare cases, in the teens.然而，大肠癌可发生在年龄，甚至罕见的情况下，在十几岁。
• Diet. •饮食。 Colorectal cancer seems to be associated with diets that are high in fat and calories and low in fiber.大肠癌似乎与饮食的高脂肪和热量，低纤维。 Researchers are exploring how these and other dietary factors play a role in the development of colorectal cancer.研究人员正在探索如何将这些及其他饮食因素发挥作用，发展大肠癌。
 • Polyps. •息肉。 Polyps are benign growths on the inner wall of the colon and rectum.息肉是良性的增长内壁的结肠和直肠。 They are fairly common in people over age 50.他们是相当普遍的人50岁以上。 Some types of polyps increase a person's risk of developing colorectal cancer.有些种类的息肉增加一个人的风险大肠癌。
A rare, inherited condition, called familial polyposis, causes hundreds of polyps to form in the colon and rectum.一种罕见的遗传性条件下，所谓的家族性息肉，数以百计的原因，形成息肉在结肠和直肠。 Unless this condition is treated, familial polyposis is almost certain to lead to colorectal cancer.除非这个条件是治疗，家族性息肉几乎可以肯定将导致大肠癌。
• Personal medical history. •个人医疗记录。 Research shows that women with a history of cancer of the ovary, uterus, or breast have a somewhat increased chance of developing colorectal cancer.研究表明，妇女的历史癌症的卵巢，子宫癌，或乳腺癌有一定增加发展中国家的机会大肠癌。 Also, a person who has already had colorectal cancer may develop this disease a second time.此外，一个人谁已大肠癌可能形成这种疾病的第二次。
• Family medical history. •家庭病史。 First-degree relatives (parents, siblings, children) of a person who has had colorectal cancer are somewhat more likely to develop this type of cancer themselves, especially if the relative had the cancer at a young age.一级亲属（父母，兄弟姐妹，子女）的人谁已结直肠癌有些更可能发展这一类型的癌症本身，尤其是相对的，如果有癌症在年轻时。 If many family members have had colorectal cancer, the chances increase even more.如果有许多家庭成员有大肠癌的机会增加甚至更多。
• Ulcerative colitis. •溃疡性结肠炎。 Ulcerative colitis is a condition in which the lining of the colon becomes inflamed.溃疡性结肠炎是一种状况，其中衬砌结肠变得红肿。 Having this condition increases a person's chance of developing colorectal cancer.在这种情况下增加一个人的发展机会大肠癌。
Risk Factors Associated with Colorectal Cancer 风险因素与大肠癌
• Age •年龄
• Diet •饮食
• Polyps •息肉
• Personal History •个人历史
• Family History •家庭史
• Ulcerative Colitis •溃疡性结肠炎
 Having one or more of these risk factors does not guarantee that a person will develop colorectal cancer.在其中一个或多个危险因素并不能保证一个人将开发大肠癌。 It just increases the chances.这只是增加了机会。 People may want to talk with a doctor about these risk factors.人们可能要同医生对这些风险因素。 The doctor may be able to suggest ways to reduce the chance of developing colorectal cancer and can plan an appropriate schedule for checkups.医生可以建议的方式，以减少发展中国家的机会大肠癌，可以适当的计划安排体检。
Colorectal Cancer: Reducing the Risk 大肠癌：降低风险
The National Cancer Institute supports and conducts research on the causes and prevention of colorectal cancer.国家癌症研究所支持和进行研究的原因及预防大肠癌。 Research shows that colorectal cancer develops gradually from benign polyps.研究表明，大肠癌的发展逐渐由良性息肉。 Early detection and removal of polyps may help to prevent colorectal cancer.早期发现和清除息肉可能有助于预防结肠癌。 Studies are looking at smoking cessation, use of dietary supplements, use of aspirin or similar medicines, decreased alcohol consumption, and increased physical activity to see if these approaches can prevent colorectal cancer.研究正在考虑戒烟，使用营养补充剂，使用阿司匹林或类似的药物，减少酒精消费，增加体力活动，看看是否这些方法可以防止大肠癌。 Some studies suggest that a diet low in fat and calories and high in fiber can help prevent colorectal cancer.一些研究表明，饮食低脂肪和热量和高纤维可以帮助预防肠癌。
Researchers have discovered that changes in certain genes (basic units of heredity) raise the risk of colorectal cancer.研究人员发现，改变某些基因（基本单位遗传）提高风险大肠癌。 Individuals in families with several cases of colorectal cancer may find it helpful to talk with a genetic counselor.在家庭中的个人与几个例大肠癌可能会发现有助于同一种遗传顾问。 The genetic counselor can discuss the availability of a special blood test to check for a genetic change that may increase the chance of developing colorectal cancer.遗传辅导员可以讨论是否有特殊的血液测试，以检查是否有遗传变化，可能会增加发展中国家的机会大肠癌。 Although having such a genetic change does not mean that a person is sure to develop colorectal cancer, those who have the change may want to talk with their doctor about what can be done to prevent the disease or detect it early.虽然有这种基因的变化并不意味着一个人一定要发展大肠癌，这些谁也改变可能要与他们谈论有关医生能够做些什么来防止疾病或早期发现它。
 Detecting Cancer Early 检测早期癌症
People who have any of the risk factors described under "Colorectal Cancer: Who's at Risk?"人们谁有任何危险因素的描述下的“大肠癌：谁的风险？ ” should ask a doctor when to begin checking for colorectal cancer, what tests to have, and how often to have them.应该问医生开始检查大肠癌，什么测试，以有，以及如何往往有他们。 The doctor may suggest one or more of the tests listed below.医生可能建议的一个或多个测试列在了下面。 These tests are used to detect polyps, cancer, or other abnormalities, even when a person does not have symptoms.这些试验是用来检测息肉，癌症或其他异常，甚至当一个人没有症状。 Your health care provider can explain more about each test.您的卫生保健提供者可以解释更多关于每个测试。
• A fecal occult blood test (FOBT) is a test used to check for hidden blood in the stool. •一个大便潜血试验（粪便潜血试验）是一个测试用于检查血液中隐藏的凳子上。 Sometimes cancers or polyps can bleed, and FOBT is used to detect small amounts of bleeding.有时，癌症或息肉可以流血，和粪便潜血试验是用来检测少量出血。
• A sigmoidoscopy is an examination of the rectum and lower colon (sigmoid colon) using a lighted instrument called a sigmoidoscope. •一个乙状结肠镜检查是一种直肠和更低的冒号（乙状结肠）用点燃的文书称为乙状结肠镜。
• A colonoscopy is an examination of the rectum and entire colon using a lighted instrument called a colonoscope. •一个结肠镜检查是一种直肠和整个结肠用点燃的文书称为结肠镜。
• A double contrast barium enema (DCBE) is a series of x-rays of the colon and rectum. •双重对比钡灌肠（ DCBE ）是一系列的X射线的结肠和直肠。 The patient is given an enema with a solution that contains barium, which outlines the colon and rectum on the x-rays.病人是给予灌肠的解决方案，其中包含钡，其中概述了结肠和直肠的X射线。
• A digital rectal exam (DRE) is an exam in which the doctor inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into the rectum to feel for abnormal areas. •数字直肠癌考试（销毁去除率）是一种考试，在其中插入一个医生润滑，戴着手套的手指进入直肠感觉异常区。
Recognizing Symptoms 认识症状
• A change in bowel habits •改变肠习惯
• Diarrhea, constipation, or feeling that the bowel does not empty completely •腹泻，便秘，或感觉，大便不完全空白
• Blood (either bright red or very dark) in the stool •血（无论是明亮的红色或非常暗）在凳子
• Stools that are narrower than usual •粪便是狭义比平常
• General abdominal discomfort (frequent gas pains, bloating, fullness, and/or cramps) •一般腹部不适（经常天然气疼痛，腹胀，丰满，和/或痉挛）
• Weight loss with no known reason •体重减轻与任何已知的原因
• Constant tiredness •恒疲劳
• Vomiting •呕吐
These symptoms may be caused by colorectal cancer or by other conditions.这些症状的原因可能是大肠癌或其他条件。 It is important to check with a doctor.重要的是要检查的医生。
 Diagnosing Colorectal Cancer 诊断大肠癌
To help find the cause of symptoms, the doctor evaluates a person's medical history.为了帮助查找原因，症状，医生评估一个人的病史。 The doctor also performs a physical exam and may order one or more diagnostic tests.医生还进行体检，并可能以一个或一个以上的诊断测试。
• X-rays of the large intestine, such as the DCBE, can reveal polyps or other changes. • X -射线的大小肠，如DCBE ，可以揭示息肉或其他变化。
• A sigmoidoscopy lets the doctor see inside the rectum and the lower colon and remove polyps or other abnormal tissue for examination under a microscope. •一个乙状结肠镜可让医生看到里面的直肠和降低结肠癌和消除息肉或其他异常组织检查在显微镜下。
• A colonoscopy lets the doctor see inside the rectum and the entire colon and remove polyps or other abnormal tissue for examination under a microscope. •一个结肠镜检查，医生可以看到里面的直肠和整个结肠息肉和消除异常或其他组织的考试在显微镜下。
• A polypectomy is the removal of a polyp during a sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy. •一个息肉是消除了息肉在乙状结肠镜或结肠镜检查。
• A biopsy is the removal of a tissue sample for examination under a microscope by a pathologist to make a diagnosis. •一个活检是取消了组织抽样检查在显微镜下由病理学家作出诊断。
Stages of Colorectal Cancer 阶段的大肠癌
If the diagnosis is cancer, the doctor needs to learn the stage (or extent) of disease.如果诊断是癌症，医生需要学习的阶段（或范围）的疾病。 Staging is a careful attempt to find out whether the cancer has spread and, if so, to what parts of the body.分期是一个认真的尝试找出癌细胞是否已经扩散，如果有的话，什么部位。 More tests may be performed to help determine the stage.更多测试可完成，以帮助确定阶段。 Knowing the stage of the disease helps the doctor plan treatment.了解阶段的疾病可以帮助医生治疗计划。 Listed below are descriptions of the various stages of colorectal cancer.下面是说明各个阶段的大肠癌。
• Stage 0. •阶段0 。 The cancer is very early.癌症是非常早。 It is found only in the innermost lining of the colon or rectum.它是发现，只有在内心深处的衬砌结肠或直肠。
• Stage I. The cancer involves more of the inner wall of the colon or rectum. •第一期癌症涉及更多的内壁结肠或直肠。
• Stage II. •第二阶段。 The cancer has spread outside the colon or rectum to nearby tissue, but not to the lymph nodes.癌细胞已经扩散以外的结肠或直肠附近的组织，而不是淋巴结。 (Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped structures that are part of the body's immune system.) （淋巴结很小，豆状结构，是人体的免疫系统。 ）
• Stage III. •第三阶段。 The cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes, but not to other parts of the body.癌细胞已经扩散到附近的淋巴结，而不是身体的其他部位。
• Stage IV. •第四阶段。 The cancer has spread to other parts of the body.癌细胞已经扩散到身体的其他部位。 Colorectal cancer tends to spread to the liver and/or lungs.大肠癌往往会扩散到肝脏和/或肺部。
• Recurrent. •复发。 Recurrent cancer means the cancer has come back after treatment.癌症复发的癌症的手段已回来后的待遇。 The disease may recur in the colon or rectum or in another part of the body.这种疾病可发生在结肠或直肠或其他的身体部分。
Treatment for Colorectal Cancer 治疗大肠癌
Treatment depends mainly on the size, location, and extent of the tumor, and on the patient's general health.治疗主要取决于大小，位置和程度的肿瘤，以及病人的一般健康状况。 Patients are often treated by a team of specialists, which may include a gastroenterologist, surgeon, medical oncologist, and radiation oncologist.患者往往是治疗的一个专家小组，其中可能包括一名肠胃，外科医生，肿瘤医学，肿瘤和辐射。 Several different types of treatment are used to treat colorectal cancer.几种不同类型的治疗是用来治疗结肠癌。 Sometimes different treatments are combined.有时不同治疗方法相结合。
• Surgery to remove the tumor is the most common treatment for colorectal cancer. •手术切除肿瘤是最常见的治疗大肠癌。 Generally, the surgeon removes the tumor along with part of the healthy colon or rectum and nearby lymph nodes.一般来说，医生移除肿瘤以及部分的健康结肠或直肠和附近的淋巴结。 In most cases, the doctor is able to reconnect the healthy portions of the colon or rectum.在大多数情况下，医生能够重新健康部分结肠或直肠。 When the surgeon cannot reconnect the healthy portions, a temporary or permanent colostomy is necessary.当外科医生不能重新健康的部分，暂时或永久性结肠造口是必要的。 Colostomy, a surgical opening (stoma) through the wall of the abdomen into the colon, provides a new path for waste material to leave the body.结肠造口术，手术开幕式（口）通过墙上的腹部进入结肠，提供了一种新的路径废料离开该机构。 After a colostomy, the patient wears a special bag to collect body waste.经过结肠造口术，病人戴一个特殊袋，收集人体的废物。 Some patients need a temporary colostomy to allow the lower colon or rectum to heal after surgery.有些患者需要一个临时结肠造口术，使较低的结肠或直肠愈合手术后。 About 15 percent of colorectal cancer patients require a permanent colostomy.百分之十五左右的大肠癌患者需要永久性结肠造口。
• Chemotherapy is the use of anticancer drugs to kill cancer cells. •化疗是使用抗癌药物来杀死癌细胞。 Chemotherapy may be given to destroy any cancerous cells that may remain in the body after surgery, to control tumor growth, or to relieve symptoms of the disease.化疗可考虑将摧毁任何癌细胞可能会留在体内手术后，控制肿瘤的生长，或减轻症状。 Chemotherapy is a systemic therapy, meaning that the drugs enter the bloodstream and travel through the body.化疗是一种全身治疗，即药物进入血液并穿过身体。 Most anticancer drugs are given by injection directly into a vein (IV) or by means of a catheter, a thin tube that is placed into a large vein and remains there as long as it is needed.大多数抗癌药物都是通过直接注射到静脉（四）或通过导管，一个细管是放入一个大静脉和仍然存在，只要它是必要的。 Some anticancer drugs are given in the form of a pill.一些抗癌药物中给出的形式丸。
• Radiation therapy, also called radiotherapy, involves the use of high-energy x-rays to kill cancer cells. •放射治疗，也称为放射治疗，涉及利用高能量X射线来杀死癌细胞。 Radiation therapy is a local therapy, meaning that it affects the cancer cells only in the treated area.放射治疗是治疗的地方，也就是说，它影响到癌细胞不仅在治疗领域。 Most often it is used in patients whose cancer is in the rectum.通常它是用于癌症病人是在直肠。 Doctors may use radiation therapy before surgery (to shrink a tumor so that it is easier to remove) or after surgery (to destroy any cancer cells that remain in the treated area).医生可使用放射治疗手术前（缩小肿瘤，使之更容易删除）或手术后（以摧毁任何癌细胞留在处理区） 。 Radiation therapy is also used to relieve symptoms.放射治疗也用于缓解症状。 The radiation may come from a machine (external radiation) or from an implant (a small container of radioactive material) placed directly into or near the tumor (internal radiation).辐射可能来自一台机器（外部辐射） ，或从一个植入（一个小货柜的放射性物质）直接进入或接近肿瘤（内部辐射） 。 Some patients have both kinds of radiation therapy.有些患者有两种放射治疗。
• Biological therapy, also called immunotherapy, uses the body's immune system to fight cancer. •生物治疗，也称为免疫疗法，利用人体的免疫系统来对抗癌症。 The immune system finds cancer cells in the body and works to destroy them.免疫系统发现癌细胞在体内，并销毁这些武器。 Biological therapies are used to repair, stimulate, or enhance the immune system's natural anticancer function.生物疗法是用来修复，刺激，或加强免疫系统的天然抗癌功能。 Biological therapy may be given after surgery, either alone or in combination with chemotherapy or radiation treatment.生物疗法可考虑手术后，无论是单独或与化疗或放疗治疗。 Most biological treatments are given by injection into a vein (IV).大多数的生物治疗是注射到静脉（四） 。
• Clinical trials (research studies) to evaluate new ways to treat cancer are an appropriate option for many patients with colorectal cancer. •临床试验（研究）评价新的方法来治疗癌症是一个适当的选择，许多大肠癌患者。 In some studies, all patients receive the new treatment.在一些研究，所有患者接受新疗法。 In others, doctors compare different therapies by giving the promising new treatment to one group of patients and the usual (standard) therapy to another group.在其他情况下，医生比较不同的治疗提供充满希望的新治疗的一组患者和一般（标准）治疗，另一组。
Research has led to many advances in the treatment of colorectal cancer.研究已导致许多进展治疗大肠癌。 Through research, doctors explore new ways to treat cancer that may be more effective than the standard therapy.通过研究，医生探索新的途径来治疗癌症可能更为有效的标准疗法。 The NCI publication Taking Part in Clinical Trials: What Cancer Patients Need To Know provides information about how these studies work.国家癌症研究所公布的参加临床试验：什么癌症患者需要了解提供了有关如何将这些研究工作。 PDQ(r), NCI's cancer information database, contains detailed information about ongoing studies for colorectal cancer.人格诊断问卷（注册商标） ，国家癌症研究所的癌症信息数据库，包含详细的资料正在进行的研究为大肠癌。 NCI's Web site includes a section on clinical trials at http://cancer.gov/clinical_trials.国家癌症研究所的网站上有一节关于在临床试验http://cancer.gov/clinical_trials 。 This section provides both general information about clinical trials and detailed information about specific ongoing studies for colorectal cancer.本节提供一般的信息和临床试验的详细信息，具体正在进行的研究为大肠癌。
The NCI's Cancer.gov(tm) Web site provides information from numerous NCI sources, including PDQ(r), NCI's cancer information database.在国家癌症研究所的Cancer.gov （商标）网站提供的资料来自许多国家癌症研究所的来源，包括人格诊断问卷（注册商标） ，国家癌症研究所的癌症信息数据库。 PDQ contains current information on cancer prevention, screening, diagnosis, treatment, genetics, supportive care, and ongoing clinical trials.人格诊断问卷包含目前的信息对癌症预防，检查，诊断，治疗，遗传学，支持治疗，并正在进行临床试验。 Cancer.gov can be accessed at http://www.cancer.gov on the Internet. Cancer.gov可在http://www.cancer.gov在互联网上。
Side Effects of Treatment 副作用的治疗
The side effects of cancer treatment depend on the type of treatment and may be different for each person.的副作用癌症治疗取决于类型的治疗和可能是不同的每个人。 Most often the side effects are temporary.最常见的副作用是暂时的。 Doctors and nurses can explain the possible side effects of treatment.医生和护士可以解释可能带来的副作用的治疗。 Patients should report severe side effects to their doctor.患者应该报告严重副作用的医生。 Doctors can suggest ways to help relieve symptoms that may occur during and after treatment.医生可以建议的方式，以帮助缓解症状，可能会发生期间和之后的待遇。
• Surgery causes short-term pain and tenderness in the area of the operation. •手术造成的短期疼痛和压痛在该地区的行动。 Surgery for colorectal cancer may also cause temporary constipation or diarrhea.手术治疗大肠癌也可能造成暂时的便秘或腹泻。 Patients who have a colostomy may have irritation of the skin around the stoma.谁患者结肠造口有可能会刺激皮肤造口周围。 The doctor, nurse, or enterostomal therapist can teach the patient how to clean the area and prevent irritation and infection.医生，护士，或治疗肠可以教患者如何干净的地区和防止发炎和感染。
• Chemotherapy affects normal as well as cancer cells. •化疗影响正常以及癌细胞。 Side effects depend largely on the specific drugs and the dose (amount of drug given).副作用在很大程度上取决于具体的药物和剂量（的药物数量给予） 。 Common side effects of chemotherapy include nausea and vomiting, hair loss, mouth sores, diarrhea, and fatigue.常见的副作用的化疗包括恶心，呕吐，脱发，口腔溃疡，腹泻，疲劳。 Less often, serious side effects may occur, such as infection or bleeding.较少，严重的副作用可能会发生，如感染或出血。
• Radiation therapy, like chemotherapy, affects normal as well as cancer cells. •放射治疗，如化疗，影响正常以及癌细胞。 Side effects of radiation therapy depend mainly on the treatment dose and the part of the body that is treated.副作用放射治疗主要取决于治疗剂量和部分机构，处理。 Common side effects of radiation therapy are fatigue, skin changes at the site where the treatment is given, loss of appetite, nausea, and diarrhea.常见的副作用是放射治疗疲劳，皮肤变化，地点的待遇是，食欲不振，恶心，腹泻等症状。 Sometimes, radiation therapy can cause bleeding through the rectum (bloody stools).有时候，放射治疗可导致出血通过直肠（血腥的凳子） 。
• Biological therapy may cause side effects that vary with the specific type of treatment. •生物疗法可能会造成副作用，随特定类型的治疗。 Often, treatments cause flu-like symptoms, such as chills, fever, weakness, and nausea.通常，治疗引起类似流感的症状，如发冷，发热，乏力，恶心。
Several useful NCI booklets, including Chemotherapy and You, Radiation Therapy and You, and Eating Hints for Cancer Patients, suggest ways for patients to cope with their side effects during cancer treatment.国家癌症研究所的几个有用的小册子，包括化疗和你，放射治疗和你，和饮食提示癌症患者，建议患者如何应付其副作用，在治疗癌症。
The health care team can explain the possible side effects of treatment.卫生保健队伍可以解释可能带来的副作用的治疗。 Patients should report severe side effects.患者应该报告严重的副作用。 Doctors and nurses can suggest ways to help relieve symptoms that may occur during and after treatment.医生和护士可以建议的方式，以帮助缓解症状，可能会发生期间和之后的待遇。
The Importance of Followup Care 的重要性，随访服务
Followup care after treatment for colorectal cancer is important.追踪治疗后护理大肠癌是非常重要的。 Regular checkups ensure that changes in health are noticed.定期检查确保改革健康的注意。 If the cancer returns or a new cancer develops, it can be treated as soon as possible.如果癌症的回报或开发新的癌症，它可以被视为尽快。 Checkups may include a physical exam, a fecal occult blood test, a colonoscopy, chest x-rays, and lab tests.检查可能包括体检，一个大便潜血试验，结肠镜，胸部X光检查，并化验。 Between scheduled checkups, a person who has had colorectal cancer should report any health problems to the doctor as soon as they appear.定之间的检查，一个人谁已结直肠癌应报告任何健康问题的医生尽快出现。
Providing Emotional Support 提供情感支持
Living with a serious disease, such as cancer, is challenging.生活在一个严重的疾病，如癌症，是具有挑战性。 Apart from having to cope with the physical and medical challenges, people with cancer face many worries, feelings, and concerns that can make life difficult.除了不得不应付的人身和医疗的挑战，癌症患者面临着许多忧虑，情感，和关切，可以使生活困难。 Some people find they need help coping with the emotional as well as the practical aspects of their disease.有些人发现他们需要帮助应付的情绪，以及实际方面的疾病。 In fact, attention to the emotional burden of having cancer is often a part of a patient's treatment plan.事实上，注意情感负担往往是癌症的一个部分患者的治疗计划。 The support of the health care team (doctors, nurses, social workers, and others), support groups, and patient-to-patient networks can help people feel less alone and upset, and improve the quality of their lives.支持卫生保健队伍（医生，护士，社会工作者，和其他人） ，支援小组，耐心与病人的网络可以帮助人们感觉不到单独和不安，并改善他们的生活质量。 Cancer support groups provide a setting where cancer patients can talk about living with cancer with others who may be having similar experiences.癌症支援团体提供了一个设置在那里癌症病人可以谈论癌症患者与其他谁可能有类似的经验。 Patients may want to speak to a member of their health care team about finding a support group.患者可能想说话的成员他们的医疗保健队找到一个支持小组。 Many also find useful information in NCI fact sheets and booklets, including Taking Time and Facing Forward.许多人还找到有用的信息，国家癌症研究所的概况介绍和小册子，其中包括考虑时间和面临的前瞻性。
Questions for Your Doctor 问题你的医生
This booklet is designed to help you get information you need from your doctor, so that you can make informed decisions about your health care.这本小册子的目的是帮助您获得您需要的信息从你的医生，这样你可以作出明智的决定您的医疗保健。 In addition, asking your doctor the following questions will help you understand your condition better.此外，您的医生询问以下问题将帮助您了解您的状况更好。 To help you remember what the doctor says, you may take notes or ask whether you may use a tape recorder.为了帮助您记住的医生说，你可能需要说明或询问是否可以使用录音机。 Some people also want to have a family member or friend with them when they talk to the doctor -- to take part in the discussion, to take notes, or just to listen.有些人还希望有一个家庭成员或朋友与他们交谈时，他们的医生-参加讨论，作笔记，或只是听。
Diagnosis 诊断
• What tests can diagnose colorectal cancer? •什么检查能诊断大肠癌？ Are they painful?他们是痛苦的？
• How soon after the tests will I learn the results? •如何后不久，我将检验学习的成果？
• Are my children or other relatives at higher risk for colorectal cancer? •我的子女或其他亲属的高风险大肠癌？
Treatment 治疗
• What is the stage of my cancer? •什么是现阶段我国癌症？
• What treatments are recommended for me? •什么治疗的建议吗？
• Should I see a surgeon? •如果我看到一个外科医生？ Medical oncologist?医学肿瘤？ Radiation oncologist?放射肿瘤？
• What clinical trials might be appropriate? •什么临床试验也许是合适的？
• Will I need a colostomy? •请问我需要一个结肠造口术？ Will it be permanent?它会不会是永久的？
• What will happen if I don't have the suggested treatment? •会发生什么如果我没有建议的待遇？
• Will I need to be in the hospital to receive my treatment? •请问我需要在医院里接受我的治疗？ For how long?要多久？
• How might my normal activities change during my treatment? •我怎么可能改变正常活动期间，我治疗？
• After treatment, how often do I need to be checked? •治疗后，多久，我需要检查？ What type of followup care should I have?什么类型的追踪照顾我应该吗？
Side Effects 副作用
• What side effects should I expect? •什么副作用，我应该期待？ How long will they last?多久他们会持续多久？
• What side effects should I report? •什么副作用，我应该报告？ Whom should I call?我应该电话吗？
The Health Care Team 医疗保健队
• Who will be involved with my treatment and rehabilitation? •谁将参与我的治疗和康复？ What role will each member of the health care team play in my care?什么样的作用将每个成员的卫生保健队伍发挥我在护理？
• What has been your experience in caring for patients with colorectal cancer? •什么是你的经验在照顾大肠癌患者？
Resources 资源
• Are there support groups in the area with people I can talk to? •是否有支持团体在该地区的人我可以谈吗？
• Where can I get more information about colorectal cancer? •我在哪里可以买到更多信息大肠癌？
SOURCE: National Cancer Institute来源：国家癌症研究所 |
Colon and Rectal Cancer 结肠癌和直肠癌