Diabetes 糖尿病
Almost everyone knows someone who has diabetes.几乎每个人都知道的人谁也患有糖尿病。 An estimated 17 million people--6.2 percent of the population--in the United States have diabetes mellitus--a serious, lifelong condition.据估计， 1700万人-百分之6 .2的人口-在美国糖尿病-一个严重的，终身条件。 About 5.9 million people have not yet been diagnosed.约有590万人尚未确诊。 Each year, about 1 million people age 20 or older are diagnosed with diabetes.每年，约有100万人20岁或以上的被诊断为糖尿病。
What Is Diabetes? 什么是糖尿病？
Diabetes is a disorder of metabolism - the way our bodies use digested food for growth and energy.糖尿病是一种代谢障碍-的方式使用我们的身体消化食物的增长和能源。 Most of the food we eat is broken down into glucose, the form of sugar in the blood.大多数的食物我们吃细分为葡萄糖，形式的糖在血液中。 Glucose is the main source of fuel for the body.葡萄糖是主要的燃料来源的身体。
 After digestion, glucose passes into the bloodstream, where it is used by cells for growth and energy.经过消化，血糖通行证进入血液，在那里它是利用细胞的生长和能量。 For glucose to get into cells, insulin must be present.葡萄糖进入细胞，胰岛素必须在场。 Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas, a large gland behind the stomach.胰岛素是胰腺分泌，大量腺背后的胃。
When we eat, the pancreas is supposed to automatically produce the right amount of insulin to move glucose from blood into our cells.当我们吃，胰腺是自动产生的权利量的胰岛素将葡萄糖从血液进入我们的细胞。 In people with diabetes, however, the pancreas either produces little or no insulin, or the cells do not respond appropriately to the insulin that is produced.在糖尿病人，然而，无论胰腺产生很少或根本没有胰岛素，或细胞不作出适当反应的胰岛素生产。 Glucose builds up in the blood, overflows into the urine, and passes out of the body.建立了葡萄糖在血液中，溢出的尿液，并通过了该机构。 Thus, the body loses its main source of fuel even though the blood contains large amounts of glucose.因此，身体失去其主要的燃料来源，即使血液中含有大量的葡萄糖。
What Are the Types of Diabetes? 是什么类型的糖尿病？
The three main types of diabetes are:在三种主要类型的糖尿病是：
• Type 1 diabetes • 1型糖尿病
• Type 2 diabetes • 2型糖尿病
• Gestational diabetes •妊娠期糖尿病
Type 1 Diabetes 1型糖尿病
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease. 1型糖尿病是一种自身免疫性疾病。 An autoimmune disease results when the body's system for fighting infection (the immune system) turns against a part of the body.一种自身免疫性疾病的结果时，身体的战斗系统感染（免疫系统）轮流对部分机构。 In diabetes, the immune system attacks the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas and destroys them.在糖尿病，免疫系统的攻击产生胰岛素的β细胞的胰腺和摧毁他们。 The pancreas then produces little or no insulin.然后胰腺产生很少或根本没有胰岛素。 Someone with type 1 diabetes needs to take insulin daily to live.有人1型糖尿病患者需要胰岛素的每日生活。
At present, scientists do not know exactly what causes the body's immune system to attack the beta cells, but they believe that autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors, possibly viruses, are involved.目前，科学家们不知道到底是什么原因导致人体的免疫系统攻击的β细胞，但他们认为，自身免疫性，遗传和环境因素的影响，可能病毒，都参与。 Type 1 diabetes accounts for about 5 to 10 percent of diagnosed diabetes in the United States. 1型糖尿病占约5到百分之十的诊断糖尿病在美国。
Type 1 diabetes develops most often in children and young adults, but the disorder can appear at any age. 1型糖尿病的发展往往是在儿童和青少年，但这种疾病可以出现在任何年龄。 Symptoms of type 1 diabetes usually develop over a short period, although beta cell destruction can begin years earlier.症状1型糖尿病患者通常发展在短期内，虽然β细胞的破坏就可以开始前。
Symptoms include increased thirst and urination, constant hunger, weight loss, blurred vision, and extreme fatigue.症状包括口渴和增加排尿，经常饥饿，体重减轻，视力模糊，和极端疲劳。 If not diagnosed and treated with insulin, a person can lapse into a life-threatening diabetic coma, also known as diabetic ketoacidosis.如果没有诊断和治疗胰岛素，一个人可以陷入一种威胁生命的糖尿病昏迷，又称为糖尿病酮症酸中毒。
Type 2 Diabetes 2型糖尿病
The most common form of diabetes is type 2 diabetes.最常见的形式是糖尿病的2型糖尿病。 About 90 to 95 percent of people with diabetes have type 2.大约90到百分之九十五的糖尿病人有2型。 This form of diabetes usually develops in adults age 40 and older and is most common in adults over age 55.这种形式的糖尿病患者通常在40岁以上的成年人和老年人，是最常见的成年人超过55岁。 About 80 percent of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight.大约百分之八十的人与2型糖尿病的超重。 Type 2 diabetes is often part of a metabolic syndrome that includes obesity, elevated blood pressure, and high levels of blood lipids. 2型糖尿病往往是一部分代谢症候群，包括肥胖，血压升高，以及高血脂。 Unfortunately, as more children and adolescents become overweight, type 2 diabetes is becoming more common in young people.不幸的是，随着越来越多的儿童和青少年成为超重， 2型糖尿病正变得越来越常见于年轻人。
When type 2 diabetes is diagnosed, the pancreas is usually producing enough insulin, but, for unknown reasons, the body cannot use the insulin effectively, a condition called insulin resistance.当2型糖尿病的诊断，胰腺通常是生产足够的胰岛素，但不知什么原因，身体不能使用胰岛素有效的一个条件，所谓的胰岛素抵抗。 After several years, insulin production decreases.若干年后，胰岛素的生产下降。 The result is the same as for type 1 diabetes--glucose builds up in the blood and the body cannot make efficient use of its main source of fuel.其结果是一样的1型糖尿病-葡萄糖积聚在血液和身体不能有效地利用其主要的燃料来源。
The symptoms of type 2 diabetes develop gradually.症状2型糖尿病的逐渐发展。 They are not as sudden in onset as in type 1 diabetes.他们是不是在发病突然在1型糖尿病。 Some people have no symptoms.有些人没有症状。 Symptoms may include fatigue or nausea, frequent urination, unusual thirst, weight loss, blurred vision, frequent infections, and slow healing of wounds or sores.症状可能包括疲劳或恶心，频繁排尿，不寻常的口渴，体重减轻，视力模糊，频繁感染和愈合缓慢的伤口或溃疡。
Gestational Diabetes 妊娠糖尿病
Gestational diabetes develops only during pregnancy.妊娠期糖尿病的发展只有在怀孕期间。 Like type 2 diabetes, it occurs more often in African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic Americans, people with a family history of diabetes.像2型糖尿病，它更经常地发生在非洲的美国人，美国印第安人，西班牙裔美国人，人与糖尿病家族史。 Though it usually disappears after delivery, the mother is at increased risk of getting type 2 diabetes later in life.虽然它通常会消失，分娩后，母亲的风险增加获得2型糖尿病患者以后的生活中。
What Tests Are Recommended for Diagnosing Diabetes? 什么测试建议诊断糖尿病？
The fasting plasma glucose test is the preferred test for diagnosing type 1 or type 2 diabetes.在空腹血糖测试是首选的诊断测试1型或2型糖尿病。 However, a diagnosis of diabetes is made for any one of three positive tests, with a second positive test on a different day:然而，诊断为糖尿病是任何一个3人药检呈阳性，第二次药检呈阳性不同的一天：
• A random plasma glucose value (taken any time of day) of 200 mg/dL or more, along with the presence of diabetes symptoms. •随机血浆葡萄糖值（采取任何时间）为200毫克/升以上，连同在场的糖尿病症状。
• A plasma glucose value of 126 mg/dL or more, after a person has fasted for 8 hours. •一个血浆血糖值126毫克/升以上，后一个人禁食8小时。
• An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) plasma glucose value of 200 mg/dL or more in the blood sample, taken 2 hours after a person has consumed a drink containing 75 grams of glucose dissolved in water. •一种口服糖耐量试验（糖耐量）血浆血糖值200毫克/升或更多的血液样本，采取了2个小时后，一个人消费的饮料含有七十五克葡萄糖溶解在水中。 test, taken in a laboratory or the doctor's office, measures plasma glucose at timed intervals over a 3-hour period.试验，采取在实验室或医生的办公室，措施血浆葡萄糖在间隔时间超过3小时的时间。
Gestational diabetes is diagnosed based on plasma glucose values measured during the OGTT.妊娠糖尿病诊断的基础上血浆血糖值测定在糖耐量。 Glucose levels are normally lower during pregnancy, so the threshold values for diagnosis of diabetes in pregnancy are lower.血糖水平低，通常在怀孕期间，所以阈值的诊断妊娠糖尿病较低。 If a woman has two plasma glucose values meeting or exceeding any of the following numbers, she has gestational diabetes: a fasting plasma glucose level of 95 mg/dL, a 1-hour level of 180 mg/dL, a 2-hour level of 155 mg/dL, or a 3-hour level of 140 mg/dL.如果一个女人有两个血浆血糖值达到或超过下列任何号码，她已经妊娠糖尿病：一个空腹血糖水平的95毫克/升， 1小时级别的180毫克/升， 2小时水平155毫克/升，或3小时的140毫克/升。
What Are the Other Forms of Impaired Glucose Metabolism, Also Called Pre-diabetes? 什么是其他形式的糖代谢障碍，也称为糖尿病前期？
People with Pre-diabetes, a state between "normal" and "diabetes," are at risk for developing diabetes, heart attacks, and strokes.人民预糖尿病，一个国家之间的“正常”和“糖尿病” ，有可能对发展中国家糖尿病，心脏病，和中风。 About 16 million people ages 40 to 74 in the United States have Pre-diabetes.约16万人年龄40至74岁在美国前患有糖尿病。 There are two forms of Pre-diabetes.有两种形式的糖尿病前期。
Impaired Fasting Glucose 空腹血糖受损
A person has impaired fasting glucose (IFG) when fasting plasma glucose is 110 to 125 mg/dL.一个人的空腹血糖受损（全球化国际论坛）时，空腹血糖是110至125毫克/升。 This level is higher than normal but less than the level indicating a diagnosis of diabetes.这一水平高于正常，但不到的水平，说明诊断为糖尿病。
Impaired Glucose Tolerance 糖耐量低减
Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) means that blood glucose during the oral glucose tolerance test is higher than normal but not high enough for a diagnosis of diabetes.糖耐量低减（糖耐量低减）指血糖在口服糖耐量试验高于正常，但不够高，不能诊断为糖尿病。 IGT is diagnosed when the glucose level is 141 to 199 mg/dL 2 hours after a person is given a drink containing 75 grams of glucose. IGT是诊断时，血糖水平是141至199毫克/升2个小时后，一个人被赋予饮料七五克葡萄糖。
What Are the Scope and Impact of Diabetes? 哪些范围和影响糖尿病？
Diabetes is widely recognized as one of the leading causes of death and disability in the United States.糖尿病是公认的一个重要原因死亡和伤残在美国。 In 1999, about 450,000 deaths occurred among adults with diabetes.在1999年，大约450000人死亡成年人中发生的糖尿病。
Diabetes is associated with long-term complications that affect almost every part of the body.糖尿病是与长期的并发症，影响几乎所有的身体部分。 The disease often leads to blindness, heart and blood vessel disease, strokes, kidney failure, amputations, and nerve damage.这种疾病往往会导致失明，心脏和血管疾病，中风，肾衰竭，截肢，和神经损伤。 Uncontrolled diabetes can complicate pregnancy, and birth defects are more common in babies born to women with diabetes.不受控制的糖尿病患者可以复杂怀孕和出生缺陷是较常见的出生婴儿的妇女患有糖尿病。
In 2002, diabetes cost the United States $132 billion.在2002年，糖尿病患者的费用，美国一千三百二十零万点零零万美元。 Indirect costs, including disability payments, time lost from work, and premature death, totaled $40.2 billion; direct medical costs for diabetes care, including hospitalizations, medical care, and treatment supplies, totaled $91.8 billion.间接费用，包括伤残抚恤金，时间失去了工作，和过早死亡，总计40200000000美元;直接医疗费用为糖尿病的护理，包括住院，医疗保健和治疗用品，总计九百十八万点零零万美元。
Who Gets Diabetes? 谁得到糖尿病？
Diabetes is not contagious.糖尿病是不会传染的。 People cannot "catch" it from each other.人们不能“追赶”它从对方。 However, certain factors can increase the risk of developing diabetes.然而，某些因素可以增加糖尿病的危险。
Type 1 diabetes occurs equally among males and females, but is more common in whites than in nonwhites. 1型糖尿病发生同样的男性和女性，但更常见的白人比非白人。 Data from the World Health Organization's Multinational Project for Childhood Diabetes indicate that type 1 diabetes is rare in most African, American Indian, and Asian populations.数据来自世界卫生组织的多国项目，儿童糖尿病表明， 1型糖尿病是罕见的大多数非洲，美洲印第安人，亚洲的人口。 However, some northern European countries, including Finland and Sweden, have high rates of type 1 diabetes.然而，一些北欧国家，包括芬兰和瑞典，有较高的1型糖尿病。 The reasons for these differences are not known.其原因是这些分歧不知道。
Type 2 diabetes is more common in older people, especially in people who are overweight, and occurs more often in African Americans, American Indians, Asian and Pacific Islander Americans, and Hispanic Americans. 2型糖尿病是较常见于老年人，尤其是在人谁是超重，更经常地发生在非洲的美国人，美国印第安人，亚洲和太平洋岛民美国人和拉美裔美国人。 On average, non-Hispanic African Americans are twice as likely to have diabetes as non-Hispanic whites of the same age.平均来说，非西班牙裔黑人的两倍患糖尿病的可能性作为非西班牙裔白人的年龄相同。 Hispanic Americans are nearly twice as likely to have diabetes as non-Hispanic whites.拉美裔美国人的近两倍患糖尿病的可能性作为非西班牙裔白人。 American Indians have the highest rates of diabetes in the world.美洲印第安人有率最高的糖尿病患者在世界上。 Among the Pima Indians living in Arizona, for example, half of all adults have type 2 diabetes.在皮马印第安人生活在美国亚利桑那州，例如，一半的成年人有2型糖尿病。 On average, American Indians and Alaska Natives are 2.6 times as likely to have diabetes as non-Hispanic whites.平均而言，美国印第安人和阿拉斯加土著人的2.6倍患糖尿病的可能性作为非西班牙裔白人。 Although prevalence data for diabetes among Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders is limited, some groups, such as Native Hawaiians, are 2.5 times more likely to have diabetes as white residents of Hawaii.虽然患病的数据糖尿病之间的亚裔美国人和太平洋岛民是有限的，一些群体，如夏威夷土著，是2.5倍更有可能患糖尿病的白人居民的夏威夷。
The prevalence of diabetes in the United States is likely to increase for several reasons.在糖尿病的患病率在美国很可能会增加有以下几个原因。 First, a large segment of the population is aging.首先，大部分人口老化。 Also, Hispanic Americans and other minority groups make up the fastest-growing segment of the US population.此外，拉美裔美国人和其他少数群体构成中增长最快的部分，美国的人口。 Finally, Americans are increasingly overweight and sedentary.最后，美国人越来越超重和定居。 According to recent estimates, the prevalence of diabetes in the United States is predicted to be 8.9 percent of the population by 2025.根据最近的估计，在糖尿病的患病率在美国预计将百分之8.9的人口到2025年。
 How Is Diabetes Managed? 糖尿病是如何管理？
Before the discovery of insulin in 1921, everyone with type 1 diabetes died within a few years after diagnosis.在发现胰岛素在1921年，每个人都与1型糖尿病患者死于在几年之内后，诊断。 Although insulin is not considered a cure, its discovery was the first major breakthrough in diabetes treatment.虽然胰岛素不被视为一种治疗，它的发现是第一次重大突破，在糖尿病治疗领域。
Today, healthy eating, physical activity, and insulin via injection or an insulin pump are the basic therapies for type 1 diabetes.今天，健康饮食，身体活动，并通过注射胰岛素或胰岛素泵的基本治疗1型糖尿病。 The amount of insulin must be balanced with food intake and daily activities.数额胰岛素必须是平衡的食物摄入量和日常活动。 Blood glucose levels must be closely monitored through frequent blood glucose checking.血糖水平必须密切监测通过经常检查血糖。
Healthy eating, physical activity, and blood glucose testing are the basic management tools for type 2 diabetes.健康饮食，身体活动和血糖测试的基本管理工具，用于2型糖尿病。 In addition, many people with type 2 diabetes require oral medication and insulin to control their blood glucose levels.此外，许多人与2型糖尿病的口服药物需要胰岛素来控制血糖水平。
People with diabetes must take responsibility for their day-to-day care.糖尿病人必须负起责任，他们的日常护理。 Much of the daily care involves keeping blood glucose levels from going too low or too high.大部分的日常护理需要维持血糖水平去过低或过高。 When blood glucose levels drop too low from certain diabetes medicines--a condition known as hypoglycemia--a person can become nervous, shaky, and confused.当血糖水平下降太低，某些糖尿病的药物-一个条件被称为低血糖-一个人可以成为紧张，动摇，和困惑。 Judgment can be impaired.判决书可以受到损害。 If blood glucose falls too low, a person can faint.如果血糖下降过低，一个人昏了过去。
A person can also become ill if blood glucose levels rise too high, a condition known as hyperglycemia.一个人也可以成为虐待，如果血糖水平上升太高，一个条件被称为高血糖。
People with diabetes should see a doctor who helps them learn to manage their diabetes and monitors their diabetes control.糖尿病人应该去看医生谁帮助他们学会糖尿病管理和监控他们的糖尿病控制。 An endocrinologist is one type of doctor who may specialize in diabetes care.一个内分泌是一个类型的医生谁可以专注于糖尿病护理。 In addition, people with diabetes often see ophthalmologists for eye examinations, podiatrists for routine foot care, and dietitians and diabetes educators to help teach the skills of day-to-day diabetes management.此外，糖尿病人经常看到眼科医生检查眼睛，足科医师日常足部护理，并营养师和糖尿病教育，帮助的技能任教的日常糖尿病管理。
The goal of diabetes management is to keep blood glucose levels as close to the normal range as safely possible.的目标糖尿病管理是保持血糖水平接近正常范围的安全可能的。 A major study, the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), sponsored by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), showed that keeping blood glucose levels as close to normal as safely possible reduces the risk of developing major complications of type 1 diabetes.一个重要的研究，糖尿病控制与并发症试验（ DCCT ） ，由美国国立糖尿病，消化道和肾脏疾病（ NIDDK ）表明，维持血糖水平接近正常尽可能减少安全风险的发展中国家主要并发症1型糖尿病。
The 10-year study, completed in 1993, included 1,441 people with type 1 diabetes. 10年研究，于1993年完成，其中包括1441人1型糖尿病。 The study compared the effect of two treatment approaches--intensive management and standard management--on the development and progression of eye, kidney, and nerve complications of diabetes.这项研究的影响，两种治疗方法-集约化经营和规范管理-对发展和进步，眼，肾，神经并发症的糖尿病。 Intensive treatment aimed at keeping hemoglobin A1C as close to normal (6 percent) as possible.强化治疗旨在使血红蛋白A1C接近正常（百分之六）的可能。 Hemoglobin A1C reflects average blood sugar over a 2- to 3-month period.血红蛋白A1C反映平均血糖超过2 -3个月期间。 Researchers found that study participants who maintained lower levels of blood glucose through intensive management had significantly lower rates of these complications.研究人员发现，研究参与者谁保持较低水平的血糖通过强化管理已大大降低这些并发症的发生。 More recently, a followup study of DCCT participants showed that the ability of intensive control to lower the complications of diabetes persists up to 4 years after the trial ended.最近，随访DCCT研究表明，参与者的能力，密集的控制，降低糖尿病并发症持续至4年后的审判结束。
The United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study, a European study completed in 1998, showed that intensive control of blood glucose and blood pressure reduced the risk of blindness, kidney disease, stroke, and heart attack in people with type 2 diabetes.英国前瞻性糖尿病研究，欧洲研究在1998年完成，表明密集的控制血糖和血压下降的危险失明，肾脏病，中风和心脏病发作的人与2型糖尿病。
What Is the Status of Diabetes Research? 什么是糖尿病的现状研究？
NIDDK conducts research in its own laboratories and supports a great deal of basic and clinical research in medical centers and hospitals throughout the United States. NIDDK进行研究在自己的实验室，并支持了大量基础和临床研究的医疗中心和医院整个美国。 It also gathers and analyzes statistics about diabetes.它还收集和分析统计资料糖尿病。 Other Institutes at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) conduct and support research on diabetes-related eye diseases, heart and vascular complications, pregnancy, and dental problems.其他机构在国家卫生研究院（ NIH ）进行研究，并支持对糖尿病有关的眼部疾病，心脏和血管并发症，怀孕，及牙科问题。
Other Government agencies that sponsor diabetes programs are the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Indian Health Service, the Health Resources and Services Administration, the Department of Veterans Affairs, and the Department of Defense.其他政府机构的赞助计划糖尿病中心的疾病控制和预防，印度的卫生服务，卫生资源和服务局，退伍军人事务部，事务部和国防部。
Many organizations outside of the Government support diabetes research and education activities.许多组织以外的政府支持糖尿病研究和教育活动。 These organizations include the American Diabetes Association, the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International, and the American Association of Diabetes Educators.这些组织包括美国糖尿病协会，青少年糖尿病研究基金会国际，美国糖尿病协会的教育工作者。
In recent years, advances in diabetes research have led to better ways to manage diabetes and treat its complications.近年来，进步，糖尿病研究已导致更好的方式来管理和治疗糖尿病及其并发症。 Major advances include重大进展，包括：
• The development of a quick-acting insulin analog. •制定一个速效胰岛素模拟。
• Better ways to monitor blood glucose and for people with diabetes to check their own blood glucose levels. •更好的方式来监测血糖，为糖尿病人检查自己的血糖水平。
• Development of external insulin pumps that deliver insulin, replacing daily injections. •发展的外部胰岛素泵，提供胰岛素，免去每天注射。
• Laser treatment for diabetic eye disease, reducing the risk of blindness. •激光治疗糖尿病眼病，减少失明的危险。
• Successful transplantation of kidneys and pancreas in people whose own kidneys fail because of diabetes. •成功移植的肾脏和胰腺的人自己的肾脏失败，因为糖尿病。
• Better ways of managing diabetes in pregnant women, improving chances of successful outcomes. •如何更好地管理糖尿病的孕妇，提高成功的机会的结果。
• New drugs to treat type 2 diabetes and better ways to manage this form of diabetes through weight control. •新的药物治疗2型糖尿病和更好的方式来管理这种形式的糖尿病患者通过控制体重。
• Evidence that intensive management of blood glucose reduces and may prevent development of diabetes complications. •证据集约经营血糖降低，并可能防止发展的糖尿病并发症。
• Demonstration that antihypertensive drugs called ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitors prevent or delay kidney failure in people with diabetes. •表明，所谓的抗高血压药物血管紧张素转换酶（血管紧张素转换酶）抑制剂阻止或拖延肾功能衰竭的糖尿病人。
• Promising results with islet transplantation for type 1 diabetes reported by the University of Alberta in Canada. •可喜的成果与胰岛移植的1型糖尿病患者所报告的阿尔伯塔大学在加拿大。 A nationwide clinical trial funded by the NIH and the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International is currently trying to replicate the Canadian advance.一项全国性的临床试验由美国国立卫生研究院和青少年糖尿病研究基金会国际目前正试图复制加拿大的进步。
• Evidence that people at high risk for type 2 diabetes can lower their chances of developing the disease through diet and exercise. •证据，人们在高风险的2型糖尿病，可以降低他们的发展机会，这种疾病通过饮食和锻炼。
What Will the Future Bring? 怎样把未来？
In the future, it may be possible to administer insulin through inhalers, a pill, or a patch.在将来，有可能通过管理吸入胰岛素，药丸，或修补程序。 Devices are also being developed that can monitor blood glucose levels without having to prick a finger to get a blood sample.设备也正在开发，可以监测血糖水平，而不必刺手指获得的血液样本。
Researchers continue to search for the cause or causes of diabetes and ways to prevent and cure the disorder.研究人员继续寻找的原因糖尿病以及如何预防和治疗这种疾病。 Scientists are looking for genes that may be involved in type 1 or type 2 diabetes.科学家正在寻找基因，可能参与1型或2型糖尿病。 Some genetic markers for type 1 diabetes have been identified, and it is now possible to screen relatives of people with type 1 diabetes to see if they are at risk.有些遗传标记的1型糖尿病已经确定，现在可能屏幕的人的亲属与1型糖尿病患者，看看他们是否正处于危险之中。
The Diabetes Prevention Trial--Type 1 (DPT-1) identifies relatives at risk for developing type 1 diabetes and treats them with an oral form of insulin in the hope of preventing type 1 diabetes.糖尿病预防的审判-1型（白喉，百日咳，破伤风- 1 ）确定风险的亲属对发展中国家1型糖尿病和对待他们的口头形式的胰岛素，希望防止1型糖尿病。 In the same study, recently completed a separate trial in which they found that low-dose insulin injections do not prevent type 1 diabetes in relatives of people with type 1 diabetes.在同一项研究，最近完成了一个单独的审判中他们发现，低剂量注射胰岛素并不阻止1型糖尿病的人的亲属与1型糖尿病。 For more information, call 1-800-HALT-DM1 (1-800-425-8361) or see www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/dpt_1/dpt_1.htm on the Internet.欲了解更多信息，致电1 - 800 -暂停- DM1 （ 1-800-425-8361 ） ，或见www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/dpt_1/dpt_1.htm在互联网上。
The DPT-1 is funded by the NIDDK, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, and the National Center for Research Resources within the National Institutes of Health as well as the American Diabetes Association and the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International.在白喉，百日咳，破伤风- 1是由NIDDK ，国立过敏和传染病，国立儿童健康和人类发展，国家研究中心内的资源国立卫生研究院以及美国糖尿病协会和青少年糖尿病研究基金会国际。
Transplantation of the pancreas or insulin-producing beta cells offers the best hope of cure for people with type 1 diabetes.移植或胰腺产生胰岛素的β细胞提供了最好的希望治愈的人1型糖尿病。 Some pancreas transplants have been successful.一些胰腺移植手术获得了成功。 However, people who have transplants must take powerful drugs to prevent rejection of the transplanted organ.然而，人们谁也移植必须采取强有力的药物，以防止排斥反应的移植器官。 These drugs are costly and may eventually cause other health problems.这些药物昂贵，并可能最终导致其他健康问题。
Scientists are working to develop less harmful drugs and better methods transplanting beta cells to prevent rejection by the body.科学家们正在努力开发危害较小的药物和更好的方法β细胞移植，以防止排斥反应的机构。 Using techniques of bioengineering, researchers are also trying to create artificial beta cells that secrete insulin in response to increased glucose levels in the blood.利用生物工程技术，研究人员还尝试建立人工β细胞分泌胰岛素的反应增加血糖浓度在血液中。
Recently, researchers at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Canada, announced promising results with islet transplantation in seven patients type 1 diabetes.最近，研究人员在阿尔伯塔大学在加拿大埃德蒙顿宣布，可喜的成果与胰岛移植7例1型糖尿病。 At the time of the report in the New England Journal of Medicine, all seven patients who had received the transplant remained free of insulin injections up to 14 months after the procedure.当时的报告中的新英格兰医学杂志，所有7名患者收到了谁的移植仍然是免费注射胰岛素高达14个月后的程序。
A clinical trial funded by the NIH and the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International will try to replicate the Edmonton advance.临床试验由美国国立卫生研究院和青少年糖尿病研究基金会国际会尝试埃德蒙顿复制进步。 With the insights gained from this trial and other studies, scientists hope to further refine methods of islet harvesting and transplantation and learn more about the immune processes that affect rejection and acceptance of transplanted islets.随着获得的深刻见解从这个审判和其他研究，科学家希望进一步改进方法，收获和胰岛移植和了解更多有关免疫程序，影响排斥反应和接受移植的胰岛。
In 1996, NIDDK launched its Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP).在1996年， NIDDK推出了糖尿病预防计划（民进党） 。 The goal of this research effort was to learn how to prevent or delay type 2 diabetes people with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), a strong risk factor for type 2 diabetes.的目标努力，这项研究是要了解如何防止或推迟2型糖尿病人与糖耐量低减（糖耐量低减） ，一个强大的危险因素2型糖尿病。
The findings of the DPP, which were released in August 2001, showed that people at high risk for type 2 diabetes could sharply lower their chances of developing the disease through diet and exercise.结果，民进党，这是发布于2001年8月，表明人在高风险的2型糖尿病可能大幅下降的机会发展中国家的疾病通过饮食和锻炼。 In addition, treatment with the oral diabetes drug metformin also reduced diabetes risk, though less dramatically.此外，治疗糖尿病的口服药物二甲双胍也降低糖尿病的风险，但不太明显。
Participants randomly assigned to intensive lifestyle intervention reduced their risk of getting type 2 diabetes by 58 percent.与会者随机分派到集约的生活方式的干预减少他们的风险得到2型糖尿病的百分之五十八。 On average, this group maintained their physical activity at 30 minutes per day, usually with walking or other moderate intensity exercise, and lost 5 to 7 percent of their body weight.平均而言，这一群体保持其体力活动30分钟，每天通常步行或其他中等强度运动，并失去了5至7百分之他们的体重。 Participants randomized to treatment with metformin reduced their risk of getting type 2 diabetes by 31 percent.与会者随机二甲双胍治疗减少他们的风险得到2型糖尿病的百分之三十一。
Of the 3,234 participants enrolled in the DPP, 45 percent were from minority groups that suffer disproportionately from type 2 diabetes: African Americans, Americans, Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders, and American Indians. 3234的与会者参加了民进党，百分之四十五是来自少数民族群体受到不成比例2型糖尿病：非裔美国人，美国人，亚裔美国人和太平洋岛民，以及美洲印第安人。 The trial also recruited other groups known to be at higher risk for type 2 diabetes, including individuals age 60 and older, women with a history of gestational diabetes, and people with a first-degree relative with type 2 diabetes.试验还聘用其他团体已知风险较高的2型糖尿病，包括个人和60岁的老年人，妇女史的妊娠糖尿病，并有一个度的相对与2型糖尿病。
Several new drugs have been developed to treat type 2 diabetes.一些新的药物已开发治疗2型糖尿病。 By using the oral diabetes medications now available, many people can control blood glucose levels without insulin injections.通过使用口服糖尿病药物，现已，许多人可以控制血糖水平的胰岛素注射。 Studies are under way to determine how best to use these drugs to manage type 2 diabetes.研究正在进行，以确定如何最好地利用这些药品管理2型糖尿病。 Scientists also are investigating strategies for weight loss in people with type 2 diabetes.科学家还正在调查战略减重的人与2型糖尿病。
SOURCE: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases资料来源：美国国立糖尿病，消化道和肾脏疾病 |
Diabetes 糖尿病