Bookmark Us书签我们   Health AZ Guides亚利桑那州卫生指南 | Gonorrhea淋病 Gonorrhea 淋病
Gonorrhea is a curable sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by a bacterium called Neisseria gonorrhoeae.淋病是一种可治愈的性传播疾病（性病）引起的细菌称为淋球菌。 These bacteria can infect the genital tract, the mouth, and the rectum.这些细菌可能感染生殖道，口腔和肛门。 In women, the opening to the uterus, the cervix, is the first place of infection.在妇女，开放的子宫，宫颈，是第一次发生感染。
 The disease however can spread into the uterus and fallopian tubes, resulting in pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).但这种疾病可以蔓延到子宫和输卵管，导致盆腔炎（ PID控制） 。 PID affects more than 1 million women in this country every year and can cause infertility in as many as 10 percent of infected women and tubal (ectopic) pregnancy. PID控制的影响超过100万妇女在这个国家每年可导致不孕多达百分之十受感染的妇女和输卵管（宫外孕）怀孕。
In 2000, 358,995 cases of gonorrhea were reported to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).在2000年，三十五万八千九百九十五箱子淋病据报道，美国疾病控制和预防（中心） 。 In the United States, approximately 75 percent of all reported cases of gonorrhea is found in younger persons aged 15 to 29 years.在美国，大约有百分之七十五的所有报告病例发现淋病年轻者15岁至29岁。 The highest rates of infection are usually found in 15- to 19-year old women and 20- to 24-year-old men.的感染率最高，通常在15 -1 9岁的妇女和2 0- 24岁的男子。 Health economists estimate that the annual cost of gonorrhea and its complications is close to $1.1 billion.卫生经济学家们估计，每年的费用淋病及其并发症已接近11亿美元。
Gonorrhea is spread during sexual intercourse.淋病的传播在性交。 Infected women also can pass gonorrhea to their newborn infants during delivery, causing eye infections in their babies.受感染的妇女也可以通过淋病的新生儿在分娩过程中，造成眼部感染的婴儿。 This complication is rare because newborn babies receive eye medicine to prevent infection.这是罕见的并发症，因为新生婴儿接受医学眼，以防止感染。 When the infection occurs in the genital tract, mouth, or rectum of a child, it is due most commonly to sexual abuse.当感染发生在生殖道，口腔或直肠的一个孩子，这是因为最常见的性虐待。
Symptoms 症状
The early symptoms of gonorrhea often are mild.早期症状淋病往往是温和的。 Symptoms usually appear within 2 to 10 days after sexual contact with an infected partner.症状通常出现在2至10天之后的性接触受感染的合作伙伴。 A small number of people may be infected for several months without showing symptoms.少数人可能感染了几个月没有表现出症状。
When women have symptoms, the first ones may include当妇女有症状，第一次可能包括
• Bleeding associated with vaginal intercourse •出血与阴道性交
• Painful or burning sensations when urinating •疼痛或灼热的感觉时，小便
• Vaginal discharge that is yellow or bloody •阴道分泌物是黄色或血腥
More advanced symptoms, which may indicate development of PID, include cramps and pain, bleeding between menstrual periods, vomiting, or fever.更先进的症状，这可能表明发展的PID ，包括痉挛和疼痛，与月经出血时期，呕吐，或发烧。
Men have symptoms more often than women, including男子症状多于女性，其中包括
• Pus from the penis and pain •脓从阴茎和痛苦
• Burning sensations during urination that may be severe •燃烧过程中排尿的感觉，可能是严重的
Symptoms of rectal infection include discharge, anal itching, and occasional painful bowel movements with fresh blood on the feces.直肠癌的症状包括履行感染，肛门瘙痒，并不定期痛苦的肠运动注入新鲜血液的粪便。
Diagnosis 诊断
Doctors or other health care workers usually use three laboratory techniques to diagnose gonorrhea: staining samples directly for the bacterium, detection of bacterial genes or DNA in urine, and growing the bacteria in laboratory cultures.医生或其他保健工作人员通常使用三个实验室技术诊断淋病：染色标本直接细菌，检测细菌的基因或尿液中的DNA ，并越来越多的细菌在实验室文化。 Many doctors prefer to use more than one test to increase the chance of an accurate diagnosis.许多医生喜欢使用一种以上测试的机会增加了准确的诊断。
The staining test involves placing a smear of the discharge from the penis or the cervix on a slide and staining the smear with a dye.染色试验涉及放置一个涂片放电从阴茎或子宫颈的幻灯片和涂片染色的染料。 Then the doctor uses a microscope to look for bacteria on the slide.然后，医生利用显微镜寻找细菌的幻灯片。 You usually can get the test results while in the office or clinic.你通常可以得到的测试结果，而在办公室或诊所。 This test is quite accurate for men but is not good in women.这项测试是非常准确的男子，但没有良好的妇女。 Only one in two women with gonorrhea have a positive stain.只有在两个妇女淋病有积极的染色。
More often, doctors use urine or cervical swabs for a new test that detects the genes of the bacteria.更多情况下，医生使用尿液或宫颈癌样本进行新的测试，检测基因的细菌。 These tests are as accurate or more so than culturing the bacteria, and many doctors use them.这些试验是准确或更不是培养的细菌，许多医生使用它们。
The culture test involves placing a sample of the discharge onto a culture plate and incubating it up to 2 days to allow the bacteria to grow.文化测试涉及到的样本放置的放电到一个文化板块和孵化它至2天，使细菌生长。 The sensitivity of this test depends on the site from which the sample is taken.敏感性测试取决于网站的样品采取。 Cultures of cervical samples detect infection approximately 90 percent of the time.文化的样品检测宫颈癌感染约百分之九十的时间。 The doctor also can take a culture to detect gonorrhea in the throat.医生还可以采取文化来检测淋病的喉咙。 Culture allows testing for drug-resistant bacteria.文化可以测试抗药性细菌。
Treatment 治疗
Doctors usually prescribe a single dose of one of the following antibiotics to treat gonorrhea:通常医生处方单剂量下列其中抗菌素治疗淋病：
• Cefixime •头孢克肟
• Ceftriaxone •头孢曲松钠
• Ciprofloxacin •环丙沙星
• Ofloxacin •氧氟沙星
• Levofloxacin •左氧氟沙星
If you have gonorrhea and are pregnant or are younger than 18 years old, you should not take ciprofloxacin or ofloxacin.如果您有淋病，怀孕或有未满18岁，你不应该采取环丙沙星或氧氟沙星。 Your doctor can prescribe the best and safest antibiotic for you.你的医生可以处方的最佳和最安全的抗生素你。
Gonorrhea and chlamydial infection, another common STD, often infect people at the same time.淋病和衣原体感染，另一种常见性传播疾病，感染人往往在同一时间。 Therefore, doctors usually prescribe a combination of antibiotics, such as ceftriaxone and doxycycline or azithromycin, which will treat both diseases.因此，医生们通常订明的组合的抗生素，如头孢三嗪和强力霉素或阿奇霉素，这将治疗这两种疾病。
If you have gonorrhea, all of your sexual partners should get tested and then treated if infected, whether or not they have symptoms of infection.如果您有淋病，您所有的性伴侣应该得到测试，然后，如果受感染的治疗，不管他们是否有感染症状。
Effects if Left Untreated 影响如果不治疗
In untreated gonorrhea infections, the bacteria can spread up into the reproductive tract, or more rarely, can spread through the blood stream and infect the joints, heart valves, or the brain.在治疗淋病的感染，这种细菌可以扩散到了生殖道，或者更很少，可以传播通过血液和关节感染，心脏瓣膜，或脑部。
The most common result of untreated gonorrhea is PID, a serious infection of the female reproductive tract.最常见的结果是淋病治疗的PID ，严重感染的女性生殖道。 Gonococcal PID often appears immediately after the menstrual period.淋球菌的PID经常出现之后立即月经期。 PID causes scar tissue to form in the fallopian tubes. PID控制的原因疤痕形成输卵管。 If the tube is partially scarred, the fertilized egg may not be able to pass into the uterus.如果该管的部分疤痕，受精卵可能无法进入子宫。 If this happens, the embryo may implant in the tube causing a tubal (ectopic) pregnancy.如果发生这种情况，可能会在胚胎植入管造成输卵管（宫外孕）怀孕。 This serious complication may result in a miscarriage and can cause death of the mother.这种严重的并发症可能会导致流产，可能导致死亡的母亲。 
Rarely, untreated gonorrhea can spread through the blood to the joints.很少，可以治疗淋病的传播通过血液的关节。 This can cause an inflammation of the joints which is very serious.这可能会导致发炎的关节这是非常严重的。
If you are infected with gonorrhea, your risk of getting HIV infection increases (HIV, human immunodeficiency virus, causes AIDS).如果您是感染淋病，您的风险越来越艾滋病毒感染增加（艾滋病毒，人类免疫缺陷病毒，引起艾滋病） 。 Therefore, it is extremely important for you to either prevent yourself from getting gonorrhea or get treated early if you already are infected with it.因此，它是极其重要的你可以防止你获得淋病或得到及早治疗，如果你已经感染了它。
Effect on Newborn 新生儿的影响
If you are pregnant and have gonorrhea, you may give the infection to your baby as it passes through the birth canal during delivery.如果您是孕妇和有淋病，您可能会感染到你的宝宝，因为它通过产道分娩期间。 A doctor can prevent infection of your baby's eyes by applying silver nitrate or other medications to the eyes immediately after birth.一名医生可以防止感染您的宝宝的眼睛用硝酸银或其他药物治疗眼睛出生后立即。 Because of the risks from gonococcal infection to both you and your baby, doctors recommend that pregnant women have at least one test for gonorrhea during pregnancy.由于风险由淋球菌感染您和您的宝宝，医生建议，怀孕妇女至少有一个测试淋病在怀孕期间。
Prevention 预防
By using latex condoms correctly and consistently during vaginal or rectal sexual activity, you can reduce your risk of getting gonorrhea and its complications.通过使用乳胶避孕套正确和一贯在阴道或直肠性活动，您可以降低您的风险越来越淋病及其并发症。 
Research 研究
The National Institute of Allergy, Immunology and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) continues to support a comprehensive, multidisciplinary program of research on N. gonorrhoeae (gonoccoci).美国国立过敏，免疫学和传染病（圣路易斯）继续支持全面，多学科项目的研究淋球菌（ gonoccoci ） 。 Researchers are trying to understand how gonoccoci infect cells while evading human immune defenses (immune response).研究人员正试图了解gonoccoci感染细胞，同时逃避人体免疫防御系统（免疫反应） 。 Studies are ongoing to determine目前正在进行研究，以确定
1. 1 。 How this bacterium attaches to host cells这种细菌如何重视宿主细胞
2. 2 。 How it gets inside them如何获得这些内
3. 3 。 Gonococcal surface structures and how they can change淋球菌表面结构，以及它们如何能够改变
4. 4 。 Human response to infection by gonococci人类应对淋球菌感染
All of these efforts, together, will eventually lead to development of an effective vaccine against gonorrhea.所有这些努力，同时，将最终导致发展的一种有效疫苗对淋病。 They also have led to, and will lead to further, improvements in diagnosis and treatment of gonorrhea.他们还导致，并会导致进一步的改进诊断和治疗淋病。
Another important area of gonorrhea research concerns antibiotic resistance.另一个重要领域的研究关注淋病抗药性。 This is particularly important because strains of N. gonorrhoeae that are resistant to recommended antibiotic therapies have spread from Southeast Asia to Hawaii and are now starting to appear on the West Coast.这一点特别重要，因为株淋球菌的耐药性抗生素疗法的建议已经蔓延从东南亚到夏威夷，现在开始出现在西海岸。 These events add urgency to NIAID efforts to develop effective microbicides (antimicrobial preparations that can be applied inside the vagina) to prevent infections.这些事件加重紧迫感NIAID的努力，以制定有效的杀菌剂（抗生素制剂，可以用于阴道内） ，以防止感染。
Recently, scientists have determined the sequence of the N. gonorrhoeae genome.最近，科学家们已经确定的顺序，淋球菌的基因组。 They are using this information to find promising new leads to help us better understand how the organism causes disease and becomes resistant to antibiotics.他们利用这种信息找到有前途的新线索，以帮助我们更好地了解生物的原因，并成为疾病的抵抗抗生素。
SOURCE: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases资料来源：美国国立过敏和传染病
May 2002. 2002年5月。 Last Updated May 20, 2003.最后更新二○○三年五月二十日。
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